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>Глава 2. ïÂÝÉÅ ÐÏÎÑÔÉÑ</H1
><DIV
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><DL
><DT
><B
>Содержание</B
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="c209.htm#AEN220"
>óÉÍÍÅÔÒÉÞÎÙÅ ÛÉÆÒÙ</A
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>óÍÅÛÁÎÎÙÅ ÛÉÆÒÙ</A
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>ãÉÆÒÏ×ÙÅ ÐÏÄÐÉÓÉ</A
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><P
>GnuPG ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ËÒÉÐÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÍÅÔÏÄÏ×, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ
<I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>ÓÉÍÍÅÔÒÉÞÎÙÅ ÛÉÆÒÙ</I
>,
<I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>ÛÉÆÒÙ Ó ÏÔËÒÙÔÙÍ ËÌÀÞÏÍ</I
>, É
<I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>ÏÄÎÏÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÎÏÅ ÈÜÛÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ</I
>.
÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ GnuPG ÂÅÚ ÉÚÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÉÈ ÍÅÔÏÄÏ×,
ÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÚÕÍÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÖÅÌÁÔÅÌØÎÏ, ×ÓÅ ÖÅ, ËÏÅ-ÞÔÏ ÚÎÁÔØ.</P
><P
>üÔÁ ÇÌÁ×Á - ××ÅÄÅÎÉÅ × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ËÒÉÐÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÍÅÔÏÄÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ × GnuPG.
âÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏ ÜÔÉ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÙ ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÀÔÓÑ × ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÁÈ.
èÏÒÏÛÁÑ ËÎÉÇÁ, ÄÌÑ ÄÁÌØÎÅÊÛÅÇÏ ÉÚÕÞÅÎÉÑ:
<A
HREF="http://www.counterpane.com/schneier.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Bruce
Schneier</A
>
<A
HREF="http://www.counterpane.com/applied.html"
TARGET="_top"
>``Applied
Cryptography''</A
>.
(éÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄ ÎÁ ÒÕÓÓËÉÊ ÑÚÙË: â.ûÎÁÊÅÒ. ðÒÉËÌÁÄÎÁÑ ËÒÉÐÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÑ.
ðÒÏÔÏËÏÌÙ, ÁÌÇÏÒÉÔÍÙ, ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ÎÁ ÑÚÙËÅ óÉ.-í.:éÚÄÁÔÅÌØÓÔ×Ï
ôòéõíæ, 2002 - 816Ó.:ÉÌ.)</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN220"
>óÉÍÍÅÔÒÉÞÎÙÅ ÛÉÆÒÙ</A
></H1
><P
>óÉÍÍÅÔÒÉÞÎÙÊ ÛÉÆÒ ÜÔÏ ÛÉÆÒ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÝÉÊ ÏÄÉÎ ËÌÀÞ ÄÌÑ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É
ÒÁÓÛÉÆÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ.
óÔÏÒÏÎÙ, ÏÂÝÁÀÝÉÅÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ ÓÉÍÍÅÔÒÉÞÎÏÇÏ ÛÉÆÒÁ, ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÄÏÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔØÓÑ
Ï ËÌÀÞÅ ÄÏ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÏÂÍÅÎÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑÍÉ.
ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ ËÁË ÏÎÉ ÄÏÇÏ×ÏÒÉÌÉÓØ, ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÉÔÅÌØ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×Ù×ÁÅÔ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ
ËÌÀÞ, ÏÔÐÒÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÔÅÌÀ, É ÐÏÌÕÞÁÔÅÌØ ÒÁÓÛÉÆÒÏ×Ù×ÁÅÔÅÔ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ
ÔÏÔ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÙÊ ËÌÀÞ.
îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÎÅÍÅÃËÁÑ Enigma - ÓÉÍÍÅÔÒÉÞÎÙÊ ÛÉÆÒ, ÅÖÅÄÎÅ×ÎÙÅ ËÌÀÞÉ
ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÌÉÓØ ËÁË ËÎÉÇÉ ËÏÄÏ×.
ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÄÅÎØ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÀÝÉÊ ÉÌÉ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÄÉÓÔ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÌ ÎÁÊÔÉ × Ó×ÏÅÊ
ËÏÐÉÉ ËÎÉÇÉ ËÏÄÏ× ËÌÀÞ ÎÁ ÔÅËÕÝÉÊ ÄÅÎØ.
òÁÄÉÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ × ÜÔÏÔ ÄÅÎØ ÚÁÛÉÆÒÏ×Ù×ÁÌÉÓØ É ÒÁÓÛÉÆÒÏ×Ù×ÁÌÉÓØ ÜÔÉÍ ËÌÀÞÏÍ.
óÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÙ ÓÉÍÍÅÔÒÉÞÎÙÈ ÛÉÆÒÏ×: 3DES, Blowfish, IDEA É çïóô.</P
><P
>èÏÒÏÛÉÊ ÛÉÆÒ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÅÔ ×ÓÀ ÚÁÝÉÔÕ × ËÌÀÞÅ, ÎÏ ÎÅ × ÁÌÇÏÒÉÔÍÅ.
äÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÓÌÏ×ÁÍÉ, ÚÎÁÎÉÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÁÌÇÏÒÉÔÍÁ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÐÏÍÏÞØ ×ÚÌÏÍÝÉËÕ.
úÎÁÎÉÅ ÁÌÇÏÒÉÔÍÁ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔÓÑ ÅÍÕ, ÔÏÌØËÏ ËÏÇÄÁ ÏÎ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔ ËÌÀÞ.
ûÉÆÒÙ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ × GnuPG, ÏÂÌÁÄÁÀÔ ÜÔÉÍ Ó×ÏÊÓÔ×ÏÍ.</P
><P
>ôÁË ËÁË ×ÓÑ ÚÁÝÉÔÁ ÚÁËÌÀÞÅÎÁ × ËÌÀÞÅ, ÔÏ ÏÞÅÎØ ×ÁÖÎÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÅÇÏ ÂÙÌÏ
ÔÒÕÄÎÏ ÐÏÄÏÂÒÁÔØ.
äÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÓÌÏ×ÁÍÉ, ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ ËÌÀÞÅÊ, Ô.Å. <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï
ËÌÀÞÅÊ</I
>, ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ×ÅÌÉËÏ.
âÕÄÕÞÉ × ìÏÓ áÌÁÍÏÓÅ, òÉÞÁÒÄ æÅÊÎÍÁÎ ÐÒÏÓÌÁ×ÉÌÓÑ ÕÍÅÎÉÅÍ
×ÓËÒÙ×ÁÔØ ÓÅÊÆÙ.
äÌÑ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÑ ÍÉÓÔÉÆÉËÁÃÉÉ ÏÎ ÄÁÖÅ ÐÒÉÎÏÓÉÌ Ó ÓÏÂÏÊ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÏ×,
×ËÌÀÞÁÑ ÓÔÁÒÙÊ ÓÔÅÔÏÓËÏÐ.
÷ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ, ÏÎ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÕÌÏ×ÏË ÄÌÑ ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÉÑ ÞÉÓÌÁ
ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÊ, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÐÏÄÂÉÒÁÌ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÕÀ.
ðÒÏÝÅ ÇÏ×ÏÒÑ, ÏÎ ÕÍÅÎØÛÁÌ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ËÌÀÞÅÊ.</P
><P
>âÒÉÔÁÎÉÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÄÂÏÒÁ ËÌÀÞÅÊ, ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÷ÔÏÒÏÊ íÉÒÏ×ÏÊ ×ÏÊÎÙ.
îÅÍÅÃËÁÑ Enigma ÉÍÅÌÁ ÏÞÅÎØ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï ËÌÀÞÅÊ, ÎÏ áÎÇÌÉÞÁÎÅ
ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÌÉ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÅ ×ÙÞÉÓÌÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍÙ, "Bombes",
ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÅÒÅÂÉÒÁÌÉ ËÌÀÞÉ ÐÏËÁ ÎÁ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÌÉ ÎÕÖÎÙÊ.
éÎÏÇÄÁ ÏÎÉ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÌÉ ËÌÀÞ ÎÁ ÔÅËÕÝÉÊ ÄÅÎØ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÞÁÓÏ× ÐÏÓÌÅ
ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, Á ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÌÉ ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ.
"Bombes" ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÌÉÓØ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁÍÉ, ÎÏ ÂÙÌÉ ÉÈ ÐÒÅÄÛÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÉËÁÍÉ.</P
><P
>óÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÅÒÅÂÉÒÁÔØ ËÌÀÞÉ Ó ÏÇÒÏÍÎÏÊ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØÀ,
ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ËÌÀÞÁ ÔÁË ×ÁÖÅÎ × ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ËÒÉÐÔÏÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ.
ûÉÆÒ DES ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ËÌÀÞ ÄÌÉÎÏÊ 56 ÂÉÔ, Ô.Å. ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ
2<SUP
>56</SUP
> ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ ËÌÀÞÅÊ.
2<SUP
>56</SUP
> ÜÔÏ 72,057,594,037,927,936 ËÌÀÞÅÊ.
íÎÏÇÏ, ÎÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÙÊ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÅÒÅÂÒÁÔØ ÉÈ ÚÁ ÓÞÉÔÁÎÙÅ ÄÎÉ,
Á ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÚÁ ÞÁÓÙ.
ó ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ, ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÚÄÎÉÅ ÁÌÇÏÒÉÔÍÙ - 3DES, Blowfish É IDEA
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ËÌÀÞÉ ÄÌÉÎÏÊ 128 ÂÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ 2<SUP
>128</SUP
>
×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ ËÌÀÞÅÊ.
üÔÏ ÎÁÍÎÏÇÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅ, É, ÄÁÖÅ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÓÅ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÙ ÎÁ ÎÁÛÅÊ ÐÌÁÎÅÔÅ
ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÉÔØ, ÉÍ ÐÏÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÂÏÌØÛÅ, ÞÅÍ ×ÏÚÒÁÓÔ ×ÓÅÌÅÎÎÏÊ,
ÄÌÑ ÎÁÈÏÖÄÅÎÉÑ ËÌÀÞÁ.</P
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