/usr/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/sequel/dataset/actions.rb is in ruby-sequel 3.33.0-1.
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class Dataset
# ---------------------
# :section: 2 - Methods that execute code on the database
# These methods all execute the dataset's SQL on the database.
# They don't return modified datasets, so if used in a method chain
# they should be the last method called.
# ---------------------
# Action methods defined by Sequel that execute code on the database.
ACTION_METHODS = (<<-METHS).split.map{|x| x.to_sym}
<< [] []= all avg count columns columns! delete each
empty? fetch_rows first get import insert insert_multiple interval last
map max min multi_insert range select_hash select_map select_order_map
set single_record single_value sum to_csv to_hash truncate update
METHS
# Inserts the given argument into the database. Returns self so it
# can be used safely when chaining:
#
# DB[:items] << {:id=>0, :name=>'Zero'} << DB[:old_items].select(:id, name)
def <<(arg)
insert(arg)
self
end
# Returns the first record matching the conditions. Examples:
#
# DB[:table][:id=>1] # SELECT * FROM table WHERE (id = 1) LIMIT 1
# # => {:id=1}
def [](*conditions)
raise(Error, ARRAY_ACCESS_ERROR_MSG) if (conditions.length == 1 and conditions.first.is_a?(Integer)) or conditions.length == 0
first(*conditions)
end
# Update all records matching the conditions with the values specified.
# Returns the number of rows affected.
#
# DB[:table][:id=>1] = {:id=>2} # UPDATE table SET id = 2 WHERE id = 1
# # => 1 # number of rows affected
def []=(conditions, values)
filter(conditions).update(values)
end
# Returns an array with all records in the dataset. If a block is given,
# the array is iterated over after all items have been loaded.
#
# DB[:table].all # SELECT * FROM table
# # => [{:id=>1, ...}, {:id=>2, ...}, ...]
#
# # Iterate over all rows in the table
# DB[:table].all{|row| p row}
def all(&block)
a = []
each{|r| a << r}
post_load(a)
a.each(&block) if block
a
end
# Returns the average value for the given column.
#
# DB[:table].avg(:number) # SELECT avg(number) FROM table LIMIT 1
# # => 3
def avg(column)
aggregate_dataset.get{avg(column)}
end
# Returns the columns in the result set in order as an array of symbols.
# If the columns are currently cached, returns the cached value. Otherwise,
# a SELECT query is performed to retrieve a single row in order to get the columns.
#
# If you are looking for all columns for a single table and maybe some information about
# each column (e.g. database type), see <tt>Database#schema</tt>.
#
# DB[:table].columns
# # => [:id, :name]
def columns
return @columns if @columns
ds = unfiltered.unordered.clone(:distinct => nil, :limit => 1, :offset=>nil)
ds.each{break}
@columns = ds.instance_variable_get(:@columns)
@columns || []
end
# Ignore any cached column information and perform a query to retrieve
# a row in order to get the columns.
#
# DB[:table].columns!
# # => [:id, :name]
def columns!
@columns = nil
columns
end
# Returns the number of records in the dataset.
#
# DB[:table].count # SELECT COUNT(*) AS count FROM table LIMIT 1
# # => 3
def count
aggregate_dataset.get{COUNT(:*){}.as(count)}.to_i
end
# Deletes the records in the dataset. The returned value should be
# number of records deleted, but that is adapter dependent.
#
# DB[:table].delete # DELETE * FROM table
# # => 3
def delete(&block)
sql = delete_sql
if uses_returning?(:delete)
returning_fetch_rows(sql, &block)
else
execute_dui(sql)
end
end
# Iterates over the records in the dataset as they are yielded from the
# database adapter, and returns self.
#
# DB[:table].each{|row| p row} # SELECT * FROM table
#
# Note that this method is not safe to use on many adapters if you are
# running additional queries inside the provided block. If you are
# running queries inside the block, you should use +all+ instead of +each+
# for the outer queries, or use a separate thread or shard inside +each+:
def each(&block)
if @opts[:graph]
graph_each(&block)
elsif row_proc = @row_proc
fetch_rows(select_sql){|r| yield row_proc.call(r)}
else
fetch_rows(select_sql, &block)
end
self
end
# Returns true if no records exist in the dataset, false otherwise
#
# DB[:table].empty? # SELECT 1 AS one FROM table LIMIT 1
# # => false
def empty?
get(Sequel::SQL::AliasedExpression.new(1, :one)).nil?
end
# Executes a select query and fetches records, yielding each record to the
# supplied block. The yielded records should be hashes with symbol keys.
# This method should probably should not be called by user code, use +each+
# instead.
def fetch_rows(sql)
raise NotImplemented, NOTIMPL_MSG
end
# If a integer argument is given, it is interpreted as a limit, and then returns all
# matching records up to that limit. If no argument is passed,
# it returns the first matching record. If any other type of
# argument(s) is passed, it is given to filter and the
# first matching record is returned. If a block is given, it is used
# to filter the dataset before returning anything. Examples:
#
# DB[:table].first # SELECT * FROM table LIMIT 1
# # => {:id=>7}
#
# DB[:table].first(2) # SELECT * FROM table LIMIT 2
# # => [{:id=>6}, {:id=>4}]
#
# DB[:table].first(:id=>2) # SELECT * FROM table WHERE (id = 2) LIMIT 1
# # => {:id=>2}
#
# DB[:table].first("id = 3") # SELECT * FROM table WHERE (id = 3) LIMIT 1
# # => {:id=>3}
#
# DB[:table].first("id = ?", 4) # SELECT * FROM table WHERE (id = 4) LIMIT 1
# # => {:id=>4}
#
# DB[:table].first{id > 2} # SELECT * FROM table WHERE (id > 2) LIMIT 1
# # => {:id=>5}
#
# DB[:table].first("id > ?", 4){id < 6} # SELECT * FROM table WHERE ((id > 4) AND (id < 6)) LIMIT 1
# # => {:id=>5}
#
# DB[:table].first(2){id < 2} # SELECT * FROM table WHERE (id < 2) LIMIT 2
# # => [{:id=>1}]
def first(*args, &block)
ds = block ? filter(&block) : self
if args.empty?
ds.single_record
else
args = (args.size == 1) ? args.first : args
if Integer === args
ds.limit(args).all
else
ds.filter(args).single_record
end
end
end
# Return the column value for the first matching record in the dataset.
# Raises an error if both an argument and block is given.
#
# DB[:table].get(:id) # SELECT id FROM table LIMIT 1
# # => 3
#
# ds.get{sum(id)} # SELECT sum(id) FROM table LIMIT 1
# # => 6
def get(column=nil, &block)
if column
raise(Error, ARG_BLOCK_ERROR_MSG) if block
select(column).single_value
else
select(&block).single_value
end
end
# Inserts multiple records into the associated table. This method can be
# used to efficiently insert a large number of records into a table in a
# single query if the database supports it. Inserts
# are automatically wrapped in a transaction.
#
# This method is called with a columns array and an array of value arrays:
#
# DB[:table].import([:x, :y], [[1, 2], [3, 4]])
# # INSERT INTO table (x, y) VALUES (1, 2)
# # INSERT INTO table (x, y) VALUES (3, 4)
#
# This method also accepts a dataset instead of an array of value arrays:
#
# DB[:table].import([:x, :y], DB[:table2].select(:a, :b))
# # INSERT INTO table (x, y) SELECT a, b FROM table2
#
# Options:
# :commit_every :: Open a new transaction for every given number of records.
# For example, if you provide a value of 50, will commit
# after every 50 records.
# :server :: Set the server/shard to use for the transaction and insert
# queries.
# :slice :: Same as :commit_every, :commit_every takes precedence.
def import(columns, values, opts={})
return @db.transaction{insert(columns, values)} if values.is_a?(Dataset)
return if values.empty?
raise(Error, IMPORT_ERROR_MSG) if columns.empty?
ds = opts[:server] ? server(opts[:server]) : self
if slice_size = opts[:commit_every] || opts[:slice]
offset = 0
rows = []
while offset < values.length
rows << ds._import(columns, values[offset, slice_size], opts)
offset += slice_size
end
rows.flatten
else
ds._import(columns, values, opts)
end
end
# Inserts values into the associated table. The returned value is generally
# the value of the primary key for the inserted row, but that is adapter dependent.
#
# +insert+ handles a number of different argument formats:
# no arguments or single empty hash :: Uses DEFAULT VALUES
# single hash :: Most common format, treats keys as columns an values as values
# single array :: Treats entries as values, with no columns
# two arrays :: Treats first array as columns, second array as values
# single Dataset :: Treats as an insert based on a selection from the dataset given,
# with no columns
# array and dataset :: Treats as an insert based on a selection from the dataset
# given, with the columns given by the array.
#
# Examples:
#
# DB[:items].insert
# # INSERT INTO items DEFAULT VALUES
#
# DB[:items].insert({})
# # INSERT INTO items DEFAULT VALUES
#
# DB[:items].insert([1,2,3])
# # INSERT INTO items VALUES (1, 2, 3)
#
# DB[:items].insert([:a, :b], [1,2])
# # INSERT INTO items (a, b) VALUES (1, 2)
#
# DB[:items].insert(:a => 1, :b => 2)
# # INSERT INTO items (a, b) VALUES (1, 2)
#
# DB[:items].insert(DB[:old_items])
# # INSERT INTO items SELECT * FROM old_items
#
# DB[:items].insert([:a, :b], DB[:old_items])
# # INSERT INTO items (a, b) SELECT * FROM old_items
def insert(*values, &block)
sql = insert_sql(*values)
if uses_returning?(:insert)
returning_fetch_rows(sql, &block)
else
execute_insert(sql)
end
end
# Inserts multiple values. If a block is given it is invoked for each
# item in the given array before inserting it. See +multi_insert+ as
# a possibly faster version that may be able to insert multiple
# records in one SQL statement (if supported by the database).
# Returns an array of primary keys of inserted rows.
#
# DB[:table].insert_multiple([{:x=>1}, {:x=>2}])
# # => [4, 5]
# # INSERT INTO table (x) VALUES (1)
# # INSERT INTO table (x) VALUES (2)
#
# DB[:table].insert_multiple([{:x=>1}, {:x=>2}]){|row| row[:y] = row[:x] * 2}
# # => [6, 7]
# # INSERT INTO table (x, y) VALUES (1, 2)
# # INSERT INTO table (x, y) VALUES (2, 4)
def insert_multiple(array, &block)
if block
array.map{|i| insert(block.call(i))}
else
array.map{|i| insert(i)}
end
end
# Returns the interval between minimum and maximum values for the given
# column.
#
# DB[:table].interval(:id) # SELECT (max(id) - min(id)) FROM table LIMIT 1
# # => 6
def interval(column)
aggregate_dataset.get{max(column) - min(column)}
end
# Reverses the order and then runs #first with the given arguments and block. Note that this
# will not necessarily give you the last record in the dataset,
# unless you have an unambiguous order. If there is not
# currently an order for this dataset, raises an +Error+.
#
# DB[:table].order(:id).last # SELECT * FROM table ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1
# # => {:id=>10}
#
# DB[:table].order(:id.desc).last(2) # SELECT * FROM table ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2
# # => [{:id=>1}, {:id=>2}]
def last(*args, &block)
raise(Error, 'No order specified') unless @opts[:order]
reverse.first(*args, &block)
end
# Maps column values for each record in the dataset (if a column name is
# given), or performs the stock mapping functionality of +Enumerable+ otherwise.
# Raises an +Error+ if both an argument and block are given.
#
# DB[:table].map(:id) # SELECT * FROM table
# # => [1, 2, 3, ...]
#
# DB[:table].map{|r| r[:id] * 2} # SELECT * FROM table
# # => [2, 4, 6, ...]
#
# You can also provide an array of column names:
#
# DB[:table].map([:id, :name]) # SELECT * FROM table
# # => [[1, 'A'], [2, 'B'], [3, 'C'], ...]
def map(column=nil, &block)
if column
raise(Error, ARG_BLOCK_ERROR_MSG) if block
return naked.map(column) if row_proc
if column.is_a?(Array)
super(){|r| r.values_at(*column)}
else
super(){|r| r[column]}
end
else
super(&block)
end
end
# Returns the maximum value for the given column.
#
# DB[:table].max(:id) # SELECT max(id) FROM table LIMIT 1
# # => 10
def max(column)
aggregate_dataset.get{max(column)}
end
# Returns the minimum value for the given column.
#
# DB[:table].min(:id) # SELECT min(id) FROM table LIMIT 1
# # => 1
def min(column)
aggregate_dataset.get{min(column)}
end
# This is a front end for import that allows you to submit an array of
# hashes instead of arrays of columns and values:
#
# DB[:table].multi_insert([{:x => 1}, {:x => 2}])
# # INSERT INTO table (x) VALUES (1)
# # INSERT INTO table (x) VALUES (2)
#
# Be aware that all hashes should have the same keys if you use this calling method,
# otherwise some columns could be missed or set to null instead of to default
# values.
#
# This respects the same options as #import.
def multi_insert(hashes, opts={})
return if hashes.empty?
columns = hashes.first.keys
import(columns, hashes.map{|h| columns.map{|c| h[c]}}, opts)
end
# Returns a +Range+ instance made from the minimum and maximum values for the
# given column.
#
# DB[:table].range(:id) # SELECT max(id) AS v1, min(id) AS v2 FROM table LIMIT 1
# # => 1..10
def range(column)
if r = aggregate_dataset.select{[min(column).as(v1), max(column).as(v2)]}.first
(r[:v1]..r[:v2])
end
end
# Returns a hash with key_column values as keys and value_column values as
# values. Similar to to_hash, but only selects the two columns.
#
# DB[:table].select_hash(:id, :name) # SELECT id, name FROM table
# # => {1=>'a', 2=>'b', ...}
#
# You can also provide an array of column names for either the key_column,
# the value column, or both:
#
# DB[:table].select_hash([:id, :foo], [:name, :bar]) # SELECT * FROM table
# # {[1, 3]=>['a', 'c'], [2, 4]=>['b', 'd'], ...}
#
# When using this method, you must be sure that each expression has an alias
# that Sequel can determine. Usually you can do this by calling the #as method
# on the expression and providing an alias.
def select_hash(key_column, value_column)
if key_column.is_a?(Array)
if value_column.is_a?(Array)
select(*(key_column + value_column)).to_hash(key_column.map{|c| hash_key_symbol(c)}, value_column.map{|c| hash_key_symbol(c)})
else
select(*(key_column + [value_column])).to_hash(key_column.map{|c| hash_key_symbol(c)}, hash_key_symbol(value_column))
end
elsif value_column.is_a?(Array)
select(key_column, *value_column).to_hash(hash_key_symbol(key_column), value_column.map{|c| hash_key_symbol(c)})
else
select(key_column, value_column).to_hash(hash_key_symbol(key_column), hash_key_symbol(value_column))
end
end
# Selects the column given (either as an argument or as a block), and
# returns an array of all values of that column in the dataset. If you
# give a block argument that returns an array with multiple entries,
# the contents of the resulting array are undefined. Raises an Error
# if called with both an argument and a block.
#
# DB[:table].select_map(:id) # SELECT id FROM table
# # => [3, 5, 8, 1, ...]
#
# DB[:table].select_map{id * 2} # SELECT (id * 2) FROM table
# # => [6, 10, 16, 2, ...]
#
# You can also provide an array of column names:
#
# DB[:table].select_map([:id, :name]) # SELECT id, name FROM table
# # => [[1, 'A'], [2, 'B'], [3, 'C'], ...]
#
# If you provide an array of expressions, you must be sure that each entry
# in the array has an alias that Sequel can determine. Usually you can do this
# by calling the #as method on the expression and providing an alias.
def select_map(column=nil, &block)
_select_map(column, false, &block)
end
# The same as select_map, but in addition orders the array by the column.
#
# DB[:table].select_order_map(:id) # SELECT id FROM table ORDER BY id
# # => [1, 2, 3, 4, ...]
#
# DB[:table].select_order_map{id * 2} # SELECT (id * 2) FROM table ORDER BY (id * 2)
# # => [2, 4, 6, 8, ...]
#
# You can also provide an array of column names:
#
# DB[:table].select_order_map([:id, :name]) # SELECT id, name FROM table ORDER BY id, name
# # => [[1, 'A'], [2, 'B'], [3, 'C'], ...]
#
# If you provide an array of expressions, you must be sure that each entry
# in the array has an alias that Sequel can determine. Usually you can do this
# by calling the #as method on the expression and providing an alias.
def select_order_map(column=nil, &block)
_select_map(column, true, &block)
end
# Alias for update, but not aliased directly so subclasses
# don't have to override both methods.
def set(*args)
update(*args)
end
# Returns the first record in the dataset, or nil if the dataset
# has no records. Users should probably use +first+ instead of
# this method.
def single_record
clone(:limit=>1).each{|r| return r}
nil
end
# Returns the first value of the first record in the dataset.
# Returns nil if dataset is empty. Users should generally use
# +get+ instead of this method.
def single_value
if r = naked.ungraphed.single_record
r.values.first
end
end
# Returns the sum for the given column.
#
# DB[:table].sum(:id) # SELECT sum(id) FROM table LIMIT 1
# # => 55
def sum(column)
aggregate_dataset.get{sum(column)}
end
# Returns a string in CSV format containing the dataset records. By
# default the CSV representation includes the column titles in the
# first line. You can turn that off by passing false as the
# include_column_titles argument.
#
# This does not use a CSV library or handle quoting of values in
# any way. If any values in any of the rows could include commas or line
# endings, you shouldn't use this.
#
# puts DB[:table].to_csv # SELECT * FROM table
# # id,name
# # 1,Jim
# # 2,Bob
def to_csv(include_column_titles = true)
n = naked
cols = n.columns
csv = ''
csv << "#{cols.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)}\r\n" if include_column_titles
n.each{|r| csv << "#{cols.collect{|c| r[c]}.join(COMMA_SEPARATOR)}\r\n"}
csv
end
# Returns a hash with one column used as key and another used as value.
# If rows have duplicate values for the key column, the latter row(s)
# will overwrite the value of the previous row(s). If the value_column
# is not given or nil, uses the entire hash as the value.
#
# DB[:table].to_hash(:id, :name) # SELECT * FROM table
# # {1=>'Jim', 2=>'Bob', ...}
#
# DB[:table].to_hash(:id) # SELECT * FROM table
# # {1=>{:id=>1, :name=>'Jim'}, 2=>{:id=>2, :name=>'Bob'}, ...}
#
# You can also provide an array of column names for either the key_column,
# the value column, or both:
#
# DB[:table].to_hash([:id, :foo], [:name, :bar]) # SELECT * FROM table
# # {[1, 3]=>['Jim', 'bo'], [2, 4]=>['Bob', 'be'], ...}
#
# DB[:table].to_hash([:id, :name]) # SELECT * FROM table
# # {[1, 'Jim']=>{:id=>1, :name=>'Jim'}, [2, 'Bob'=>{:id=>2, :name=>'Bob'}, ...}
def to_hash(key_column, value_column = nil)
h = {}
if value_column
return naked.to_hash(key_column, value_column) if row_proc
if value_column.is_a?(Array)
if key_column.is_a?(Array)
each{|r| h[r.values_at(*key_column)] = r.values_at(*value_column)}
else
each{|r| h[r[key_column]] = r.values_at(*value_column)}
end
else
if key_column.is_a?(Array)
each{|r| h[r.values_at(*key_column)] = r[value_column]}
else
each{|r| h[r[key_column]] = r[value_column]}
end
end
elsif key_column.is_a?(Array)
each{|r| h[r.values_at(*key_column)] = r}
else
each{|r| h[r[key_column]] = r}
end
h
end
# Truncates the dataset. Returns nil.
#
# DB[:table].truncate # TRUNCATE table
# # => nil
def truncate
execute_ddl(truncate_sql)
end
# Updates values for the dataset. The returned value is generally the
# number of rows updated, but that is adapter dependent. +values+ should
# a hash where the keys are columns to set and values are the values to
# which to set the columns.
#
# DB[:table].update(:x=>nil) # UPDATE table SET x = NULL
# # => 10
#
# DB[:table].update(:x=>:x+1, :y=>0) # UPDATE table SET x = (x + 1), y = 0
# # => 10
def update(values={}, &block)
sql = update_sql(values)
if uses_returning?(:update)
returning_fetch_rows(sql, &block)
else
execute_dui(sql)
end
end
protected
# Internals of #import. If primary key values are requested, use
# separate insert commands for each row. Otherwise, call #multi_insert_sql
# and execute each statement it gives separately.
def _import(columns, values, opts)
trans_opts = opts.merge(:server=>@opts[:server])
if opts[:return] == :primary_key
@db.transaction(trans_opts){values.map{|v| insert(columns, v)}}
else
stmts = multi_insert_sql(columns, values)
@db.transaction(trans_opts){stmts.each{|st| execute_dui(st)}}
end
end
# Return an array of arrays of values given by the symbols in ret_cols.
def _select_map_multiple(ret_cols)
map{|r| r.values_at(*ret_cols)}
end
# Returns an array of the first value in each row.
def _select_map_single
map{|r| r.values.first}
end
private
# Internals of +select_map+ and +select_order_map+
def _select_map(column, order, &block)
ds = naked.ungraphed
columns = Array(column)
virtual_row_columns(columns, block)
select_cols = order ? columns.map{|c| c.is_a?(SQL::OrderedExpression) ? c.expression : c} : columns
ds = ds.select(*select_cols)
ds = ds.order(*columns.map{|c| unaliased_identifier(c)}) if order
if column.is_a?(Array) || (columns.length > 1)
ds._select_map_multiple(select_cols.map{|c| hash_key_symbol(c)})
else
ds._select_map_single
end
end
# Set the server to use to :default unless it is already set in the passed opts
def default_server_opts(opts)
{:server=>@opts[:server] || :default}.merge(opts)
end
# Execute the given select SQL on the database using execute. Use the
# :read_only server unless a specific server is set.
def execute(sql, opts={}, &block)
@db.execute(sql, {:server=>@opts[:server] || :read_only}.merge(opts), &block)
end
# Execute the given SQL on the database using execute_ddl.
def execute_ddl(sql, opts={}, &block)
@db.execute_ddl(sql, default_server_opts(opts), &block)
nil
end
# Execute the given SQL on the database using execute_dui.
def execute_dui(sql, opts={}, &block)
@db.execute_dui(sql, default_server_opts(opts), &block)
end
# Execute the given SQL on the database using execute_insert.
def execute_insert(sql, opts={}, &block)
@db.execute_insert(sql, default_server_opts(opts), &block)
end
# Return a plain symbol given a potentially qualified or aliased symbol,
# specifying the symbol that is likely to be used as the hash key
# for the column when records are returned.
def hash_key_symbol(s)
case s
when Symbol
_, c, a = split_symbol(s)
(a || c).to_sym
when SQL::Identifier
hash_key_symbol(s.value)
when SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
hash_key_symbol(s.column)
when SQL::AliasedExpression
hash_key_symbol(s.aliaz)
when String
s.to_sym
else
raise(Error, "#{s.inspect} is not supported, should be a Symbol, String, SQL::Identifier, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier, or SQL::AliasedExpression")
end
end
# Modify the identifier returned from the database based on the
# identifier_output_method.
def output_identifier(v)
v = 'untitled' if v == ''
(i = identifier_output_method) ? v.to_s.send(i).to_sym : v.to_sym
end
# This is run inside .all, after all of the records have been loaded
# via .each, but before any block passed to all is called. It is called with
# a single argument, an array of all returned records. Does nothing by
# default, added to make the model eager loading code simpler.
def post_load(all_records)
end
# Called by insert/update/delete when returning is used.
# Yields each row as a plain hash to the block if one is given, or returns
# an array of plain hashes for all rows if a block is not given
def returning_fetch_rows(sql, &block)
if block
default_server.fetch_rows(sql, &block)
nil
else
rows = []
default_server.fetch_rows(sql){|r| rows << r}
rows
end
end
# Return the unaliased part of the identifier. Handles both
# implicit aliases in symbols, as well as SQL::AliasedExpression
# objects. Other objects are returned as is.
def unaliased_identifier(c)
case c
when Symbol
c_table, column, _ = split_symbol(c)
c_table ? SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(c_table, column.to_sym) : column.to_sym
when SQL::AliasedExpression
c.expression
when SQL::OrderedExpression
expr = c.expression
if expr.is_a?(Symbol)
expr = unaliased_identifier(expr)
SQL::OrderedExpression.new(unaliased_identifier(c.expression), c.descending, :nulls=>c.nulls)
else
c
end
else
c
end
end
end
end
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