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<h1 class="settitle">GNU <code>make</code></h1>
<p>This file documents the GNU <code>make</code> utility, which determines
automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled,
and issues the commands to recompile them.
</p>
<p>This is Edition 0.70, last updated 1 April 2006,
of <cite>The GNU Make Manual</cite>, for GNU <code>make</code> version 3.81.
</p>
<p>Copyright © 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,
1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
<blockquote><p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being “A GNU Manual,”
and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation
License.”
</p>
<p>(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: “You have freedom to copy and modify
this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free
Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.”
</p></blockquote>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_1.html#SEC1">1. Overview of <code>make</code></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_2.html#SEC5">2. An Introduction to Makefiles</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> An introduction to <code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_3.html#SEC13">3. Writing Makefiles</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Makefiles tell <code>make</code> what to do.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC30">4. Writing Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Rules describe when a file must be remade.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC56">5. Writing the Commands in Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Commands say how to remake a file.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC74">6. How to Use Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> You can use variables to avoid repetition.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_7.html#SEC88">7. Conditional Parts of Makefiles</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Use or ignore parts of the makefile based
on the values of variables.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC92">8. Functions for Transforming Text</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Many powerful ways to manipulate text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_9.html#SEC105">9. How to Run <code>make</code></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to invoke <code>make</code> on the command line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC113">10. Using Implicit Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Use implicit rules to treat many files alike,
based on their file names.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_11.html#SEC128">11. Using <code>make</code> to Update Archive Files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How <code>make</code> can update library archives.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_12.html#SEC134">12. Features of GNU <code>make</code></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Features GNU <code>make</code> has over other <code>make</code>s.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_13.html#SEC135">13. Incompatibilities and Missing Features</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> What GNU <code>make</code> lacks from other <code>make</code>s.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_14.html#SEC136">14. Makefile Conventions</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Conventions for writing makefiles for
GNU programs.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_15.html#SEC143">A. Quick Reference</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> A quick reference for experienced users.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_16.html#SEC144">B. Errors Generated by Make</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> A list of common errors generated by <code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_17.html#SEC145">C. Complex Makefile Example</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> A real example of a straightforward,
but nontrivial, makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_18.html#SEC146">D. GNU Free Documentation License</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> License for copying this manual
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_19.html#SEC148">Index of Concepts</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_26.html#SEC149">Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
Overview of <code>make</code>
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_1.html#Preparing">• Preparing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Preparing and Running Make
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_1.html#SEC3">1.1 How to Read This Manual</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> On Reading this Text
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_1.html#SEC4">1.2 Problems and Bugs</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
An Introduction to Makefiles
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_2.html#SEC6">2.1 What a Rule Looks Like</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> What a rule looks like.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_2.html#SEC7">2.2 A Simple Makefile</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_2.html#SEC8">2.3 How <code>make</code> Processes a Makefile</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How <code>make</code> Processes This Makefile
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_2.html#SEC9">2.4 Variables Make Makefiles Simpler</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_2.html#SEC10">2.5 Letting <code>make</code> Deduce the Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_2.html#SEC11">2.6 Another Style of Makefile</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_2.html#SEC12">2.7 Rules for Cleaning the Directory</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Writing Makefiles
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_3.html#SEC14">3.1 What Makefiles Contain</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> What makefiles contain.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_3.html#SEC15">3.2 What Name to Give Your Makefile</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to name your makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_3.html#SEC16">3.3 Including Other Makefiles</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How one makefile can use another makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_3.html#SEC17">3.4 The Variable <code>MAKEFILES</code></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The environment can specify extra makefiles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_3.html#SEC18">3.5 The Variable <code>MAKEFILE_LIST</code></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Discover which makefiles have been read.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_3.html#SEC19">3.6 Other Special Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Other special variables.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_3.html#SEC20">3.7 How Makefiles Are Remade</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How makefiles get remade.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_3.html#SEC21">3.8 Overriding Part of Another Makefile</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to override part of one makefile
with another makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_3.html#SEC22">3.9 How <code>make</code> Reads a Makefile</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How makefiles are parsed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_3.html#SEC26">3.10 Secondary Expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How and when secondary expansion is performed.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Writing Rules
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC31">4.1 Rule Example</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> An example explained.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC32">4.2 Rule Syntax</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> General syntax explained.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC33">4.3 Types of Prerequisites</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> There are two types of prerequisites.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC34">4.4 Using Wildcard Characters in File Names</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Using wildcard characters such as `*'.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC38">4.5 Searching Directories for Prerequisites</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Searching other directories for source files.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC45">4.6 Phony Targets</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Using a target that is not a real file's name.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC46">4.7 Rules without Commands or Prerequisites</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> You can use a target without commands
or prerequisites to mark other targets
as phony.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC47">4.8 Empty Target Files to Record Events</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> When only the date matters and the
files are empty.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC48">4.9 Special Built-in Target Names</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Targets with special built-in meanings.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC49">4.10 Multiple Targets in a Rule</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> When to make use of several targets in a rule.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC50">4.11 Multiple Rules for One Target</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to use several rules with the same target.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC51">4.12 Static Pattern Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Static pattern rules apply to multiple targets
and can vary the prerequisites according to
the target name.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC54">4.13 Double-Colon Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to use a special kind of rule to allow
several independent rules for one target.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC55">4.14 Generating Prerequisites Automatically</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to automatically generate rules giving
prerequisites from source files themselves.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Using Wildcard Characters in File Names
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC35">4.4.1 Wildcard Examples</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Several examples
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC36">4.4.2 Pitfalls of Using Wildcards</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Problems to avoid.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC37">4.4.3 The Function <code>wildcard</code></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to cause wildcard expansion where
it does not normally take place.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Searching Directories for Prerequisites
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC39">4.5.1 <code>VPATH</code>: Search Path for All Prerequisites</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Specifying a search path that applies
to every prerequisite.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC40">4.5.2 The <code>vpath</code> Directive</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Specifying a search path
for a specified class of names.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC41">4.5.3 How Directory Searches are Performed</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> When and how search paths are applied.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC42">4.5.4 Writing Shell Commands with Directory Search</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to write shell commands that work together
with search paths.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC43">4.5.5 Directory Search and Implicit Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How search paths affect implicit rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC44">4.5.6 Directory Search for Link Libraries</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Directory search for link libraries.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Static Pattern Rules
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC52">4.12.1 Syntax of Static Pattern Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The syntax of static pattern rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_4.html#SEC53">4.12.2 Static Pattern Rules versus Implicit Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> When are they better than implicit rules?
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Writing the Commands in Rules
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC57">5.1 Command Syntax</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Command syntax features and pitfalls.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC60">5.2 Command Echoing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to control when commands are echoed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC61">5.3 Command Execution</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How commands are executed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC64">5.4 Parallel Execution</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How commands can be executed in parallel.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC65">5.5 Errors in Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> What happens after a command execution error.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC66">5.6 Interrupting or Killing <code>make</code></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> What happens when a command is interrupted.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC67">5.7 Recursive Use of <code>make</code></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Invoking <code>make</code> from makefiles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC72">5.8 Defining Canned Command Sequences</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Defining canned sequences of commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC73">5.9 Using Empty Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Defining useful, do-nothing commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Command Syntax
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC58">5.1.1 Splitting Command Lines</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Breaking long command lines for readability.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC59">5.1.2 Using Variables in Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Using <code>make</code> variables in commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Command Execution
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC62">5.3.1 Choosing the Shell</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How <code>make</code> chooses the shell used
to run commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Recursive Use of <code>make</code>
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC68">5.7.1 How the <code>MAKE</code> Variable Works</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The special effects of using ‘<samp>$(MAKE)</samp>’.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC69">5.7.2 Communicating Variables to a Sub-<code>make</code></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to communicate variables to a sub-<code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC70">5.7.3 Communicating Options to a Sub-<code>make</code></a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to communicate options to a sub-<code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_5.html#SEC71">5.7.4 The ‘<samp>--print-directory</samp>’ Option</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How the ‘<samp>-w</samp>’ or ‘<samp>--print-directory</samp>’ option
helps debug use of recursive <code>make</code> commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
How to Use Variables
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC75">6.1 Basics of Variable References</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to use the value of a variable.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC76">6.2 The Two Flavors of Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Variables come in two flavors.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC77">6.3 Advanced Features for Reference to Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Advanced features for referencing a variable.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC80">6.4 How Variables Get Their Values</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> All the ways variables get their values.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC81">6.5 Setting Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to set a variable in the makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC82">6.6 Appending More Text to Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to append more text to the old value
of a variable.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC83">6.7 The <code>override</code> Directive</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to set a variable in the makefile even if
the user has set it with a command argument.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC84">6.8 Defining Variables Verbatim</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> An alternate way to set a variable
to a verbatim string.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC85">6.9 Variables from the Environment</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Variable values can come from the environment.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC86">6.10 Target-specific Variable Values</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Variable values can be defined on a per-target
basis.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC87">6.11 Pattern-specific Variable Values</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Target-specific variable values can be applied
to a group of targets that match a pattern.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Advanced Features for Reference to Variables
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC78">6.3.1 Substitution References</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Referencing a variable with
substitutions on the value.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_6.html#SEC79">6.3.2 Computed Variable Names</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Computing the name of the variable to refer to.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Conditional Parts of Makefiles
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_7.html#SEC89">7.1 Example of a Conditional</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Example of a conditional
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_7.html#SEC90">7.2 Syntax of Conditionals</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The syntax of conditionals.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_7.html#SEC91">7.3 Conditionals that Test Flags</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Conditionals that test flags.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Functions for Transforming Text
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC93">8.1 Function Call Syntax</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to write a function call.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC94">8.2 Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> General-purpose text manipulation functions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC95">8.3 Functions for File Names</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Functions for manipulating file names.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC96">8.4 Functions for Conditionals</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Functions that implement conditions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC97">8.5 The <code>foreach</code> Function</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Repeat some text with controlled variation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC98">8.6 The <code>call</code> Function</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Expand a user-defined function.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC99">8.7 The <code>value</code> Function</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Return the un-expanded value of a variable.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC100">8.8 The <code>eval</code> Function</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Evaluate the arguments as makefile syntax.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC101">8.9 The <code>origin</code> Function</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Find where a variable got its value.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC102">8.10 The <code>flavor</code> Function</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Find out the flavor of a variable.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC103">8.11 The <code>shell</code> Function</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Substitute the output of a shell command.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_8.html#SEC104">8.12 Functions That Control Make</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Functions that control how make runs.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
How to Run <code>make</code>
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_9.html#SEC106">9.1 Arguments to Specify the Makefile</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to specify which makefile to use.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_9.html#SEC107">9.2 Arguments to Specify the Goals</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to use goal arguments to specify which
parts of the makefile to use.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_9.html#SEC108">9.3 Instead of Executing the Commands</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to use mode flags to specify what
kind of thing to do with the commands
in the makefile other than simply
execute them.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_9.html#SEC109">9.4 Avoiding Recompilation of Some Files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to avoid recompiling certain files.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_9.html#SEC110">9.5 Overriding Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to override a variable to specify
an alternate compiler and other things.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_9.html#SEC111">9.6 Testing the Compilation of a Program</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to proceed past some errors, to
test compilation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_9.html#SEC112">9.7 Summary of Options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Using Implicit Rules
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC114">10.1 Using Implicit Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to use an existing implicit rule
to get the commands for updating a file.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC115">10.2 Catalogue of Implicit Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> A list of built-in implicit rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC116">10.3 Variables Used by Implicit Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to change what predefined rules do.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC117">10.4 Chains of Implicit Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to use a chain of implicit rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC118">10.5 Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to define new implicit rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC125">10.6 Defining Last-Resort Default Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to define commands for rules which
cannot find any.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC126">10.7 Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The old-fashioned style of implicit rule.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC127">10.8 Implicit Rule Search Algorithm</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The precise algorithm for applying
implicit rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC119">10.5.1 Introduction to Pattern Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> An introduction to pattern rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC120">10.5.2 Pattern Rule Examples</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Examples of pattern rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC121">10.5.3 Automatic Variables</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to use automatic variables in the
commands of implicit rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC122">10.5.4 How Patterns Match</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How patterns match.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC123">10.5.5 Match-Anything Pattern Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Precautions you should take prior to
defining rules that can match any
target file whatever.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_10.html#SEC124">10.5.6 Canceling Implicit Rules</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to override or cancel built-in rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Using <code>make</code> to Update Archive Files
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_11.html#SEC129">11.1 Archive Members as Targets</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Archive members as targets.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_11.html#SEC130">11.2 Implicit Rule for Archive Member Targets</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The implicit rule for archive member targets.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_11.html#SEC132">11.3 Dangers When Using Archives</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Dangers to watch out for when using archives.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_11.html#SEC133">11.4 Suffix Rules for Archive Files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> You can write a special kind of suffix rule
for updating archives.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Implicit Rule for Archive Member Targets
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="make_11.html#SEC131">11.2.1 Updating Archive Symbol Directories</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to update archive symbol directories.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr></table>
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This document was generated by <em>Manoj Srivastava</em> on <em>August, 17 2009</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.78</em></a>.
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