/usr/bin/what-provides is in what-utils 1.5-0ubuntu1.
This file is owned by root:root, with mode 0o755.
The actual contents of the file can be viewed below.
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 | #!/bin/sh -e
#
#    what-provides - what package provides a binary in your path
#
#    Copyright (C) 2010 Dustin Kirkland <kirkland@ubuntu.com>
#
#    Authors:
#        Dustin Kirkland <kirkland@ubuntu.com>
#
#    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
#    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
#    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License.
#
#    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#    GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
#    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
found=0
for i in "$@"; do
	if which "$i" >/dev/null; then
		dpkg -S $(readlink -f $(which "$i"))
		found=1
	else
		for j in $(locate "$i"); do
			dpkg -S $(readlink -f "$j") || true
			found=1
		done
	fi
done
[ "$found" = "1" ] || exit 1
 |