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<h1 class="settitle" align="center">GNU <code>make</code></h1>
<a name="SEC_Overview"></a>
<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="shortcontents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="stoc-Overview-of-make" href="#toc-Overview-of-make">1 Overview of <code>make</code></a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-An-Introduction-to-Makefiles" href="#toc-An-Introduction-to-Makefiles">2 An Introduction to Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Writing-Makefiles" href="#toc-Writing-Makefiles">3 Writing Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Writing-Rules" href="#toc-Writing-Rules">4 Writing Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Writing-Recipes-in-Rules" href="#toc-Writing-Recipes-in-Rules">5 Writing Recipes in Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-How-to-Use-Variables" href="#toc-How-to-Use-Variables">6 How to Use Variables</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Conditional-Parts-of-Makefiles" href="#toc-Conditional-Parts-of-Makefiles">7 Conditional Parts of Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Functions-for-Transforming-Text" href="#toc-Functions-for-Transforming-Text">8 Functions for Transforming Text</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-How-to-Run-make" href="#toc-How-to-Run-make">9 How to Run <code>make</code></a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Using-Implicit-Rules" href="#toc-Using-Implicit-Rules">10 Using Implicit Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Using-make-to-Update-Archive-Files" href="#toc-Using-make-to-Update-Archive-Files">11 Using <code>make</code> to Update Archive Files</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Extending-GNU-make" href="#toc-Extending-GNU-make">12 Extending GNU <code>make</code></a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Integrating-GNU-make" href="#toc-Integrating-GNU-make">13 Integrating GNU <code>make</code></a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Features-of-GNU-make" href="#toc-Features-of-GNU-make">14 Features of GNU <code>make</code></a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Incompatibilities-and-Missing-Features" href="#toc-Incompatibilities-and-Missing-Features">15 Incompatibilities and Missing Features</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Makefile-Conventions-1" href="#toc-Makefile-Conventions-1">16 Makefile Conventions</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Quick-Reference-1" href="#toc-Quick-Reference-1">Appendix A Quick Reference</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Errors-Generated-by-Make" href="#toc-Errors-Generated-by-Make">Appendix B Errors Generated by Make</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Complex-Makefile-Example" href="#toc-Complex-Makefile-Example">Appendix C Complex Makefile Example</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Index-of-Concepts" href="#toc-Index-of-Concepts">Index of Concepts</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Index-of-Functions_002c-Variables_002c-_0026-Directives" href="#toc-Index-of-Functions_002c-Variables_002c-_0026-Directives">Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Overview-of-make" href="Overview.html#Overview">1 Overview of <code>make</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-How-to-Read-This-Manual" href="Overview.html#Reading">1.1 How to Read This Manual</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Problems-and-Bugs" href="Overview.html#Bugs">1.2 Problems and Bugs</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-An-Introduction-to-Makefiles" href="Introduction.html#Introduction">2 An Introduction to Makefiles</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-What-a-Rule-Looks-Like" href="Introduction.html#Rule-Introduction">2.1 What a Rule Looks Like</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-A-Simple-Makefile" href="Introduction.html#Simple-Makefile">2.2 A Simple Makefile</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-make-Processes-a-Makefile" href="Introduction.html#How-Make-Works">2.3 How <code>make</code> Processes a Makefile</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Variables-Make-Makefiles-Simpler" href="Introduction.html#Variables-Simplify">2.4 Variables Make Makefiles Simpler</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Letting-make-Deduce-the-Recipes" href="Introduction.html#make-Deduces">2.5 Letting <code>make</code> Deduce the Recipes</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Another-Style-of-Makefile" href="Introduction.html#Combine-By-Prerequisite">2.6 Another Style of Makefile</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Rules-for-Cleaning-the-Directory" href="Introduction.html#Cleanup">2.7 Rules for Cleaning the Directory</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Writing-Makefiles" href="Makefiles.html#Makefiles">3 Writing Makefiles</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-What-Makefiles-Contain" href="Makefiles.html#Makefile-Contents">3.1 What Makefiles Contain</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Splitting-Long-Lines" href="Makefiles.html#Splitting-Lines">3.1.1 Splitting Long Lines</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-What-Name-to-Give-Your-Makefile" href="Makefiles.html#Makefile-Names">3.2 What Name to Give Your Makefile</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Including-Other-Makefiles" href="Makefiles.html#Include">3.3 Including Other Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Variable-MAKEFILES" href="Makefiles.html#MAKEFILES-Variable">3.4 The Variable <code>MAKEFILES</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-Makefiles-Are-Remade" href="Makefiles.html#Remaking-Makefiles">3.5 How Makefiles Are Remade</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Overriding-Part-of-Another-Makefile" href="Makefiles.html#Overriding-Makefiles">3.6 Overriding Part of Another Makefile</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-make-Reads-a-Makefile" href="Makefiles.html#Reading-Makefiles">3.7 How <code>make</code> Reads a Makefile</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Secondary-Expansion-1" href="Makefiles.html#Secondary-Expansion">3.8 Secondary Expansion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Writing-Rules" href="Rules.html#Rules">4 Writing Rules</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Rule-Example-1" href="Rules.html#Rule-Example">4.1 Rule Example</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Rule-Syntax-1" href="Rules.html#Rule-Syntax">4.2 Rule Syntax</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Types-of-Prerequisites" href="Rules.html#Prerequisite-Types">4.3 Types of Prerequisites</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-Wildcard-Characters-in-File-Names" href="Rules.html#Wildcards">4.4 Using Wildcard Characters in File Names</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Wildcard-Examples-1" href="Rules.html#Wildcard-Examples">4.4.1 Wildcard Examples</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Pitfalls-of-Using-Wildcards" href="Rules.html#Wildcard-Pitfall">4.4.2 Pitfalls of Using Wildcards</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Function-wildcard" href="Rules.html#Wildcard-Function">4.4.3 The Function <code>wildcard</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Searching-Directories-for-Prerequisites" href="Rules.html#Directory-Search">4.5 Searching Directories for Prerequisites</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-VPATH_003a-Search-Path-for-All-Prerequisites" href="Rules.html#General-Search">4.5.1 <code>VPATH</code>: Search Path for All Prerequisites</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-vpath-Directive" href="Rules.html#Selective-Search">4.5.2 The <code>vpath</code> Directive</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-Directory-Searches-are-Performed" href="Rules.html#Search-Algorithm">4.5.3 How Directory Searches are Performed</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Writing-Recipes-with-Directory-Search" href="Rules.html#Recipes_002fSearch">4.5.4 Writing Recipes with Directory Search</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Directory-Search-and-Implicit-Rules" href="Rules.html#Implicit_002fSearch">4.5.5 Directory Search and Implicit Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Directory-Search-for-Link-Libraries" href="Rules.html#Libraries_002fSearch">4.5.6 Directory Search for Link Libraries</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Phony-Targets-1" href="Rules.html#Phony-Targets">4.6 Phony Targets</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Rules-without-Recipes-or-Prerequisites" href="Rules.html#Force-Targets">4.7 Rules without Recipes or Prerequisites</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Empty-Target-Files-to-Record-Events" href="Rules.html#Empty-Targets">4.8 Empty Target Files to Record Events</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Special-Built_002din-Target-Names" href="Rules.html#Special-Targets">4.9 Special Built-in Target Names</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Multiple-Targets-in-a-Rule" href="Rules.html#Multiple-Targets">4.10 Multiple Targets in a Rule</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Multiple-Rules-for-One-Target" href="Rules.html#Multiple-Rules">4.11 Multiple Rules for One Target</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Static-Pattern-Rules" href="Rules.html#Static-Pattern">4.12 Static Pattern Rules</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Syntax-of-Static-Pattern-Rules" href="Rules.html#Static-Usage">4.12.1 Syntax of Static Pattern Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Static-Pattern-Rules-versus-Implicit-Rules" href="Rules.html#Static-versus-Implicit">4.12.2 Static Pattern Rules versus Implicit Rules</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Double_002dColon-Rules" href="Rules.html#Double_002dColon">4.13 Double-Colon Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Generating-Prerequisites-Automatically" href="Rules.html#Automatic-Prerequisites">4.14 Generating Prerequisites Automatically</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Writing-Recipes-in-Rules" href="Recipes.html#Recipes">5 Writing Recipes in Rules</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Recipe-Syntax-1" href="Recipes.html#Recipe-Syntax">5.1 Recipe Syntax</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Splitting-Recipe-Lines-1" href="Recipes.html#Splitting-Recipe-Lines">5.1.1 Splitting Recipe Lines</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-Variables-in-Recipes" href="Recipes.html#Variables-in-Recipes">5.1.2 Using Variables in Recipes</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Recipe-Echoing" href="Recipes.html#Echoing">5.2 Recipe Echoing</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Recipe-Execution" href="Recipes.html#Execution">5.3 Recipe Execution</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Using-One-Shell" href="Recipes.html#One-Shell">5.3.1 Using One Shell</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Choosing-the-Shell-1" href="Recipes.html#Choosing-the-Shell">5.3.2 Choosing the Shell</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Parallel-Execution" href="Recipes.html#Parallel">5.4 Parallel Execution</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Output-During-Parallel-Execution" href="Recipes.html#Parallel-Output">5.4.1 Output During Parallel Execution</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Input-During-Parallel-Execution" href="Recipes.html#Parallel-Input">5.4.2 Input During Parallel Execution</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Errors-in-Recipes" href="Recipes.html#Errors">5.5 Errors in Recipes</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Interrupting-or-Killing-make" href="Recipes.html#Interrupts">5.6 Interrupting or Killing <code>make</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Recursive-Use-of-make" href="Recipes.html#Recursion">5.7 Recursive Use of <code>make</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-How-the-MAKE-Variable-Works" href="Recipes.html#MAKE-Variable">5.7.1 How the <code>MAKE</code> Variable Works</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Communicating-Variables-to-a-Sub_002dmake" href="Recipes.html#Variables_002fRecursion">5.7.2 Communicating Variables to a Sub-<code>make</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Communicating-Options-to-a-Sub_002dmake" href="Recipes.html#Options_002fRecursion">5.7.3 Communicating Options to a Sub-<code>make</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-_002d_002dprint_002ddirectory-Option" href="Recipes.html#g_t_002dw-Option">5.7.4 The ‘<samp>--print-directory</samp>’ Option</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Defining-Canned-Recipes" href="Recipes.html#Canned-Recipes">5.8 Defining Canned Recipes</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-Empty-Recipes" href="Recipes.html#Empty-Recipes">5.9 Using Empty Recipes</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-to-Use-Variables" href="Using-Variables.html#Using-Variables">6 How to Use Variables</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Basics-of-Variable-References" href="Using-Variables.html#Reference">6.1 Basics of Variable References</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-Two-Flavors-of-Variables" href="Using-Variables.html#Flavors">6.2 The Two Flavors of Variables</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Advanced-Features-for-Reference-to-Variables" href="Using-Variables.html#Advanced">6.3 Advanced Features for Reference to Variables</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Substitution-References" href="Using-Variables.html#Substitution-Refs">6.3.1 Substitution References</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Computed-Variable-Names" href="Using-Variables.html#Computed-Names">6.3.2 Computed Variable Names</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-Variables-Get-Their-Values" href="Using-Variables.html#Values">6.4 How Variables Get Their Values</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Setting-Variables" href="Using-Variables.html#Setting">6.5 Setting Variables</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Appending-More-Text-to-Variables" href="Using-Variables.html#Appending">6.6 Appending More Text to Variables</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-override-Directive" href="Using-Variables.html#Override-Directive">6.7 The <code>override</code> Directive</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Defining-Multi_002dLine-Variables" href="Using-Variables.html#Multi_002dLine">6.8 Defining Multi-Line Variables</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Undefining-Variables" href="Using-Variables.html#Undefine-Directive">6.9 Undefining Variables</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Variables-from-the-Environment" href="Using-Variables.html#Environment">6.10 Variables from the Environment</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Target_002dspecific-Variable-Values" href="Using-Variables.html#Target_002dspecific">6.11 Target-specific Variable Values</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Pattern_002dspecific-Variable-Values" href="Using-Variables.html#Pattern_002dspecific">6.12 Pattern-specific Variable Values</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Suppressing-Inheritance-1" href="Using-Variables.html#Suppressing-Inheritance">6.13 Suppressing Inheritance</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Other-Special-Variables" href="Using-Variables.html#Special-Variables">6.14 Other Special Variables</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Conditional-Parts-of-Makefiles" href="Conditionals.html#Conditionals">7 Conditional Parts of Makefiles</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Example-of-a-Conditional" href="Conditionals.html#Conditional-Example">7.1 Example of a Conditional</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Syntax-of-Conditionals" href="Conditionals.html#Conditional-Syntax">7.2 Syntax of Conditionals</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Conditionals-that-Test-Flags" href="Conditionals.html#Testing-Flags">7.3 Conditionals that Test Flags</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Functions-for-Transforming-Text" href="Functions.html#Functions">8 Functions for Transforming Text</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Function-Call-Syntax" href="Functions.html#Syntax-of-Functions">8.1 Function Call Syntax</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Functions-for-String-Substitution-and-Analysis" href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">8.2 Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Functions-for-File-Names" href="Functions.html#File-Name-Functions">8.3 Functions for File Names</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Functions-for-Conditionals" href="Functions.html#Conditional-Functions">8.4 Functions for Conditionals</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-foreach-Function" href="Functions.html#Foreach-Function">8.5 The <code>foreach</code> Function</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-file-Function" href="Functions.html#File-Function">8.6 The <code>file</code> Function</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-call-Function" href="Functions.html#Call-Function">8.7 The <code>call</code> Function</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-value-Function" href="Functions.html#Value-Function">8.8 The <code>value</code> Function</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-eval-Function" href="Functions.html#Eval-Function">8.9 The <code>eval</code> Function</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-origin-Function" href="Functions.html#Origin-Function">8.10 The <code>origin</code> Function</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-flavor-Function" href="Functions.html#Flavor-Function">8.11 The <code>flavor</code> Function</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Functions-That-Control-Make" href="Functions.html#Make-Control-Functions">8.12 Functions That Control Make</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-shell-Function" href="Functions.html#Shell-Function">8.13 The <code>shell</code> Function</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-The-guile-Function" href="Functions.html#Guile-Function">8.14 The <code>guile</code> Function</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-to-Run-make" href="Running.html#Running">9 How to Run <code>make</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Arguments-to-Specify-the-Makefile" href="Running.html#Makefile-Arguments">9.1 Arguments to Specify the Makefile</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Arguments-to-Specify-the-Goals" href="Running.html#Goals">9.2 Arguments to Specify the Goals</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Instead-of-Executing-Recipes" href="Running.html#Instead-of-Execution">9.3 Instead of Executing Recipes</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Avoiding-Recompilation-of-Some-Files" href="Running.html#Avoiding-Compilation">9.4 Avoiding Recompilation of Some Files</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Overriding-Variables" href="Running.html#Overriding">9.5 Overriding Variables</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Testing-the-Compilation-of-a-Program" href="Running.html#Testing">9.6 Testing the Compilation of a Program</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Summary-of-Options" href="Running.html#Options-Summary">9.7 Summary of Options</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-Implicit-Rules" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Implicit-Rules">10 Using Implicit Rules</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Using-Implicit-Rules-1" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Using-Implicit">10.1 Using Implicit Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Catalogue-of-Built_002dIn-Rules" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Catalogue-of-Rules">10.2 Catalogue of Built-In Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Variables-Used-by-Implicit-Rules" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Implicit-Variables">10.3 Variables Used by Implicit Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Chains-of-Implicit-Rules" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Chained-Rules">10.4 Chains of Implicit Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Defining-and-Redefining-Pattern-Rules" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Pattern-Rules">10.5 Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Introduction-to-Pattern-Rules" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Pattern-Intro">10.5.1 Introduction to Pattern Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Pattern-Rule-Examples" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Pattern-Examples">10.5.2 Pattern Rule Examples</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Automatic-Variables-1" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Automatic-Variables">10.5.3 Automatic Variables</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-Patterns-Match" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Pattern-Match">10.5.4 How Patterns Match</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Match_002dAnything-Pattern-Rules" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Match_002dAnything-Rules">10.5.5 Match-Anything Pattern Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Canceling-Implicit-Rules" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Canceling-Rules">10.5.6 Canceling Implicit Rules</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Defining-Last_002dResort-Default-Rules" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Last-Resort">10.6 Defining Last-Resort Default Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Old_002dFashioned-Suffix-Rules" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Suffix-Rules">10.7 Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Implicit-Rule-Search-Algorithm" href="Implicit-Rules.html#Implicit-Rule-Search">10.8 Implicit Rule Search Algorithm</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-make-to-Update-Archive-Files" href="Archives.html#Archives">11 Using <code>make</code> to Update Archive Files</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Archive-Members-as-Targets" href="Archives.html#Archive-Members">11.1 Archive Members as Targets</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Implicit-Rule-for-Archive-Member-Targets" href="Archives.html#Archive-Update">11.2 Implicit Rule for Archive Member Targets</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Updating-Archive-Symbol-Directories" href="Archives.html#Archive-Symbols">11.2.1 Updating Archive Symbol Directories</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Dangers-When-Using-Archives" href="Archives.html#Archive-Pitfalls">11.3 Dangers When Using Archives</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Suffix-Rules-for-Archive-Files" href="Archives.html#Archive-Suffix-Rules">11.4 Suffix Rules for Archive Files</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Extending-GNU-make" href="Extending-make.html#Extending-make">12 Extending GNU <code>make</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-GNU-Guile-Integration" href="Extending-make.html#Guile-Integration">12.1 GNU Guile Integration</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Conversion-of-Guile-Types" href="Extending-make.html#Guile-Types">12.1.1 Conversion of Guile Types</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Interfaces-from-Guile-to-make" href="Extending-make.html#Guile-Interface">12.1.2 Interfaces from Guile to <code>make</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Example-Using-Guile-in-make" href="Extending-make.html#Guile-Example">12.1.3 Example Using Guile in <code>make</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Loading-Dynamic-Objects" href="Extending-make.html#Loading-Objects">12.2 Loading Dynamic Objects</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-The-load-Directive" href="Extending-make.html#load-Directive">12.2.1 The <code>load</code> Directive</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-How-Loaded-Objects-Are-Remade" href="Extending-make.html#Remaking-Loaded-Objects">12.2.2 How Loaded Objects Are Remade</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Loaded-Object-Interface" href="Extending-make.html#Loaded-Object-API">12.2.3 Loaded Object Interface</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Example-Loaded-Object" href="Extending-make.html#Loaded-Object-Example">12.2.4 Example Loaded Object</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Integrating-GNU-make" href="Integrating-make.html#Integrating-make">13 Integrating GNU <code>make</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Sharing-Job-Slots-with-GNU-make" href="Integrating-make.html#Job-Slots">13.1 Sharing Job Slots with GNU <code>make</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-POSIX-Jobserver-Interaction" href="Integrating-make.html#POSIX-Jobserver">13.1.1 POSIX Jobserver Interaction</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Windows-Jobserver-Interaction" href="Integrating-make.html#Windows-Jobserver">13.1.2 Windows Jobserver Interaction</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Synchronized-Terminal-Output" href="Integrating-make.html#Terminal-Output">13.2 Synchronized Terminal Output</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Features-of-GNU-make" href="Features.html#Features">14 Features of GNU <code>make</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Incompatibilities-and-Missing-Features" href="Missing.html#Missing">15 Incompatibilities and Missing Features</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Makefile-Conventions-1" href="Makefile-Conventions.html#Makefile-Conventions">16 Makefile Conventions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-General-Conventions-for-Makefiles" href="Makefile-Conventions.html#Makefile-Basics">16.1 General Conventions for Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Utilities-in-Makefiles-1" href="Makefile-Conventions.html#Utilities-in-Makefiles">16.2 Utilities in Makefiles</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Variables-for-Specifying-Commands" href="Makefile-Conventions.html#Command-Variables">16.3 Variables for Specifying Commands</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-DESTDIR_003a-Support-for-Staged-Installs" href="Makefile-Conventions.html#DESTDIR">16.4 <code>DESTDIR</code>: Support for Staged Installs</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Variables-for-Installation-Directories" href="Makefile-Conventions.html#Directory-Variables">16.5 Variables for Installation Directories</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Standard-Targets-for-Users" href="Makefile-Conventions.html#Standard-Targets">16.6 Standard Targets for Users</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Install-Command-Categories-1" href="Makefile-Conventions.html#Install-Command-Categories">16.7 Install Command Categories</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Quick-Reference-1" href="Quick-Reference.html#Quick-Reference">Appendix A Quick Reference</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Errors-Generated-by-Make" href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Appendix B Errors Generated by Make</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Complex-Makefile-Example" href="Complex-Makefile.html#Complex-Makefile">Appendix C Complex Makefile Example</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="Complex-Makefile.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">C.1 GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Index-of-Concepts" href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index">Index of Concepts</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Index-of-Functions_002c-Variables_002c-_0026-Directives" href="Name-Index.html#Name-Index">Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<a name="Top"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="Overview.html#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Previous: <a href="../dir/index.html" accesskey="p" rel="prev">(dir)</a>, Up: <a href="../dir/index.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="GNU-make"></a>
<h1 class="top">GNU <code>make</code></h1>
<p>This file documents the GNU <code>make</code> utility, which determines
automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled,
and issues the commands to recompile them.
</p>
<p>This is Edition 0.74, last updated 21 May 2016,
of <cite>The GNU Make Manual</cite>, for GNU <code>make</code> version 4.2.1.
</p>
<p>Copyright © 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,
1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007,
2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being “A GNU Manual,”
and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation
License.”
</p>
<p>(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and
modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
developing GNU and promoting software freedom.”
</p></blockquote>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Overview.html#Overview" accesskey="1">Overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Overview of <code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Introduction.html#Introduction" accesskey="2">Introduction</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An introduction to <code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Makefiles.html#Makefiles" accesskey="3">Makefiles</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Makefiles tell <code>make</code> what to do.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Rules" accesskey="4">Rules</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Rules describe when a file must be remade.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Recipes" accesskey="5">Recipes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Recipes say how to remake a file.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Using-Variables" accesskey="6">Using Variables</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">You can use variables to avoid repetition.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Conditionals.html#Conditionals" accesskey="7">Conditionals</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Use or ignore parts of the makefile based
on the values of variables.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Functions" accesskey="8">Functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Many powerful ways to manipulate text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Running.html#Running" accesskey="9">Invoking make</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to invoke <code>make</code> on the command line.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Implicit-Rules">Implicit Rules</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Use implicit rules to treat many files alike,
based on their file names.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Archives.html#Archives">Archives</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How <code>make</code> can update library archives.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Extending-make.html#Extending-make">Extending make</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using extensions to <code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Integrating-make.html#Integrating-make">Integrating make</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Integrating <code>make</code> with other tools.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Features.html#Features">Features</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Features GNU <code>make</code> has over other <code>make</code>s.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Missing.html#Missing">Missing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What GNU <code>make</code> lacks from other <code>make</code>s.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Makefile-Conventions.html#Makefile-Conventions">Makefile Conventions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Conventions for writing makefiles for
GNU programs.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Quick-Reference.html#Quick-Reference">Quick Reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A quick reference for experienced users.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A list of common errors generated by <code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Complex-Makefile.html#Complex-Makefile">Complex Makefile</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A real example of a straightforward,
but nontrivial, makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Complex-Makefile.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">License for copying this manual.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of Concepts.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Name-Index.html#Name-Index">Name Index</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment"> — The Detailed Node Listing —
Overview of <code>make</code>
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Overview.html#Preparing">Preparing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Preparing and running <code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Overview.html#Reading">Reading</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">On reading this text.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Overview.html#Bugs">Bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Problems and bugs.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
An Introduction to Makefiles
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Introduction.html#Rule-Introduction">Rule Introduction</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What a rule looks like.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Introduction.html#Simple-Makefile">Simple Makefile</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A simple makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Introduction.html#How-Make-Works">How Make Works</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How <code>make</code> processes this makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Introduction.html#Variables-Simplify">Variables Simplify</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables make makefiles simpler.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Introduction.html#make-Deduces">make Deduces</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Letting <code>make</code> deduce the recipes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Introduction.html#Combine-By-Prerequisite">Combine By Prerequisite</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Another style of makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Introduction.html#Cleanup">Cleanup</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Rules for cleaning the directory.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Writing Makefiles
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Makefiles.html#Makefile-Contents">Makefile Contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What makefiles contain.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Makefiles.html#Makefile-Names">Makefile Names</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to name your makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Makefiles.html#Include">Include</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How one makefile can use another makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Makefiles.html#MAKEFILES-Variable">MAKEFILES Variable</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The environment can specify extra makefiles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Makefiles.html#Remaking-Makefiles">Remaking Makefiles</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How makefiles get remade.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Makefiles.html#Overriding-Makefiles">Overriding Makefiles</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to override part of one makefile
with another makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Makefiles.html#Reading-Makefiles">Reading Makefiles</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How makefiles are parsed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Makefiles.html#Secondary-Expansion">Secondary Expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How and when secondary expansion is performed.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
What Makefiles Contain
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Makefiles.html#Splitting-Lines">Splitting Lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Splitting long lines in makefiles
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Writing Rules
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Rule-Example">Rule Example</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An example explained.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Rule-Syntax">Rule Syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General syntax explained.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Prerequisite-Types">Prerequisite Types</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">There are two types of prerequisites.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Wildcards">Wildcards</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using wildcard characters such as ‘*’.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Directory-Search">Directory Search</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Searching other directories for source files.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Phony-Targets">Phony Targets</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using a target that is not a real file’s name.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Force-Targets">Force Targets</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">You can use a target without a recipe
or prerequisites to mark other targets
as phony.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Empty-Targets">Empty Targets</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">When only the date matters and the
files are empty.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Special-Targets">Special Targets</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Targets with special built-in meanings.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Multiple-Targets">Multiple Targets</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">When to make use of several targets in a rule.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Multiple-Rules">Multiple Rules</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use several rules with the same target.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Static-Pattern">Static Pattern</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Static pattern rules apply to multiple targets
and can vary the prerequisites according to
the target name.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Double_002dColon">Double-Colon</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use a special kind of rule to allow
several independent rules for one target.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Automatic-Prerequisites">Automatic Prerequisites</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to automatically generate rules giving
prerequisites from source files themselves.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Using Wildcard Characters in File Names
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Wildcard-Examples">Wildcard Examples</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Several examples.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Wildcard-Pitfall">Wildcard Pitfall</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Problems to avoid.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Wildcard-Function">Wildcard Function</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to cause wildcard expansion where
it does not normally take place.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Searching Directories for Prerequisites
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#General-Search">General Search</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying a search path that applies
to every prerequisite.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Selective-Search">Selective Search</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying a search path
for a specified class of names.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Search-Algorithm">Search Algorithm</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">When and how search paths are applied.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Recipes_002fSearch">Recipes/Search</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to write recipes that work together
with search paths.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Implicit_002fSearch">Implicit/Search</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How search paths affect implicit rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Libraries_002fSearch">Libraries/Search</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Directory search for link libraries.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Static Pattern Rules
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Static-Usage">Static Usage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The syntax of static pattern rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Rules.html#Static-versus-Implicit">Static versus Implicit</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">When are they better than implicit rules?
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Writing Recipes in Rules
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Recipe-Syntax">Recipe Syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Recipe syntax features and pitfalls.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Echoing">Echoing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to control when recipes are echoed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Execution">Execution</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How recipes are executed.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Parallel">Parallel</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How recipes can be executed in parallel.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Errors">Errors</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What happens after a recipe execution error.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Interrupts">Interrupts</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What happens when a recipe is interrupted.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Recursion">Recursion</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Invoking <code>make</code> from makefiles.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Canned-Recipes">Canned Recipes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Defining canned recipes.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Empty-Recipes">Empty Recipes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Defining useful, do-nothing recipes.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Recipe Syntax
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Splitting-Recipe-Lines">Splitting Recipe Lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Breaking long recipe lines for readability.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Variables-in-Recipes">Variables in Recipes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using <code>make</code> variables in recipes.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Recipe Execution
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#One-Shell">One Shell</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">One shell for all lines in a recipe.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Choosing-the-Shell">Choosing the Shell</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How <code>make</code> chooses the shell used
to run recipes.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Parallel Execution
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Parallel-Output">Parallel Output</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Handling output during parallel execution
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Parallel-Input">Parallel Input</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Handling input during parallel execution
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Recursive Use of <code>make</code>
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#MAKE-Variable">MAKE Variable</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The special effects of using ‘<samp>$(MAKE)</samp>’.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Variables_002fRecursion">Variables/Recursion</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to communicate variables to a sub-<code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#Options_002fRecursion">Options/Recursion</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to communicate options to a sub-<code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Recipes.html#g_t_002dw-Option">-w Option</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How the ‘<samp>-w</samp>’ or ‘<samp>--print-directory</samp>’ option
helps debug use of recursive <code>make</code> commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
How to Use Variables
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Reference">Reference</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use the value of a variable.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Flavors">Flavors</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables come in two flavors.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Advanced">Advanced</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Advanced features for referencing a variable.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Values">Values</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">All the ways variables get their values.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Setting">Setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to set a variable in the makefile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Appending">Appending</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to append more text to the old value
of a variable.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Override-Directive">Override Directive</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to set a variable in the makefile even if
the user has set it with a command argument.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Multi_002dLine">Multi-Line</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An alternate way to set a variable
to a multi-line string.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Undefine-Directive">Undefine Directive</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to undefine a variable so that it appears
as if it was never set.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Environment">Environment</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Variable values can come from the environment.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Target_002dspecific">Target-specific</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Variable values can be defined on a per-target
basis.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Pattern_002dspecific">Pattern-specific</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Target-specific variable values can be applied
to a group of targets that match a pattern.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Suppressing-Inheritance">Suppressing Inheritance</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Suppress inheritance of variables.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Special-Variables">Special Variables</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables with special meaning or behavior.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Advanced Features for Reference to Variables
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Substitution-Refs">Substitution Refs</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Referencing a variable with
substitutions on the value.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Using-Variables.html#Computed-Names">Computed Names</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Computing the name of the variable to refer to.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Conditional Parts of Makefiles
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Conditionals.html#Conditional-Example">Conditional Example</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Example of a conditional
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Conditionals.html#Conditional-Syntax">Conditional Syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The syntax of conditionals.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Conditionals.html#Testing-Flags">Testing Flags</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditionals that test flags.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Functions for Transforming Text
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Syntax-of-Functions">Syntax of Functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to write a function call.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Text Functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General-purpose text manipulation functions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#File-Name-Functions">File Name Functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Functions for manipulating file names.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Conditional-Functions">Conditional Functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Functions that implement conditions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Foreach-Function">Foreach Function</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Repeat some text with controlled variation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#File-Function">File Function</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to a file.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Call-Function">Call Function</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Expand a user-defined function.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Value-Function">Value Function</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Return the un-expanded value of a variable.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Eval-Function">Eval Function</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Evaluate the arguments as makefile syntax.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Origin-Function">Origin Function</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Find where a variable got its value.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Flavor-Function">Flavor Function</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Find out the flavor of a variable.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Make-Control-Functions">Make Control Functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Functions that control how make runs.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Shell-Function">Shell Function</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Substitute the output of a shell command.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Functions.html#Guile-Function">Guile Function</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Use GNU Guile embedded scripting language.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
How to Run <code>make</code>
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Running.html#Makefile-Arguments">Makefile Arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify which makefile to use.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Running.html#Goals">Goals</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use goal arguments to specify which
parts of the makefile to use.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Running.html#Instead-of-Execution">Instead of Execution</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use mode flags to specify what
kind of thing to do with the recipes
in the makefile other than simply
execute them.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Running.html#Avoiding-Compilation">Avoiding Compilation</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to avoid recompiling certain files.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Running.html#Overriding">Overriding</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to override a variable to specify
an alternate compiler and other things.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Running.html#Testing">Testing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to proceed past some errors, to
test compilation.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Running.html#Options-Summary">Options Summary</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Summary of Options
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Using Implicit Rules
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Using-Implicit">Using Implicit</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use an existing implicit rule
to get the recipes for updating a file.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Catalogue-of-Rules">Catalogue of Rules</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">A list of built-in rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Implicit-Variables">Implicit Variables</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to change what predefined rules do.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Chained-Rules">Chained Rules</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use a chain of implicit rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Pattern-Rules">Pattern Rules</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to define new implicit rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Last-Resort">Last Resort</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to define a recipe for rules which
cannot find any.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Suffix-Rules">Suffix Rules</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The old-fashioned style of implicit rule.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Implicit-Rule-Search">Implicit Rule Search</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The precise algorithm for applying
implicit rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Pattern-Intro">Pattern Intro</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An introduction to pattern rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Pattern-Examples">Pattern Examples</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Examples of pattern rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Automatic-Variables">Automatic Variables</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use automatic variables in the
recipe of implicit rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Pattern-Match">Pattern Match</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How patterns match.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Match_002dAnything-Rules">Match-Anything Rules</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Precautions you should take prior to
defining rules that can match any
target file whatever.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Canceling-Rules">Canceling Rules</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to override or cancel built-in rules.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Using <code>make</code> to Update Archive Files
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Archives.html#Archive-Members">Archive Members</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Archive members as targets.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Archives.html#Archive-Update">Archive Update</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The implicit rule for archive member targets.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Archives.html#Archive-Pitfalls">Archive Pitfalls</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Dangers to watch out for when using archives.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Archives.html#Archive-Suffix-Rules">Archive Suffix Rules</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">You can write a special kind of suffix rule
for updating archives.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Implicit Rule for Archive Member Targets
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Archives.html#Archive-Symbols">Archive Symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to update archive symbol directories.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Extending GNU <code>make</code>
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Extending-make.html#Guile-Integration">Guile Integration</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using Guile as an embedded scripting language.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Extending-make.html#Loading-Objects">Loading Objects</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Loading dynamic objects as extensions.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
GNU Guile Integration
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Extending-make.html#Guile-Types">Guile Types</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Converting Guile types to <code>make</code> strings.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Extending-make.html#Guile-Interface">Guile Interface</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Invoking <code>make</code> functions from Guile.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Extending-make.html#Guile-Example">Guile Example</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Example using Guile in <code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Loading Dynamic Objects
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Extending-make.html#load-Directive">load Directive</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Loading dynamic objects as extensions.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Extending-make.html#Remaking-Loaded-Objects">Remaking Loaded Objects</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How loaded objects get remade.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Extending-make.html#Loaded-Object-API">Loaded Object API</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Programmatic interface for loaded objects.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Extending-make.html#Loaded-Object-Example">Loaded Object Example</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Example of a loaded object
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Integrating GNU <code>make</code>
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Integrating-make.html#Job-Slots">Job Slots</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Share job slots with GNU <code>make</code>.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Integrating-make.html#Terminal-Output">Terminal Output</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Control output to terminals.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Sharing Job Slots with GNU <code>make</code>
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Integrating-make.html#POSIX-Jobserver">POSIX Jobserver</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using the jobserver on POSIX systems.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Integrating-make.html#Windows-Jobserver">Windows Jobserver</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using the jobserver on Windows systems.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr></table>
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