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<a name="Quick-Reference"></a>
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<p>
Next: <a href="Error-Messages.html#Error-Messages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Error Messages</a>, Previous: <a href="Makefile-Conventions.html#Makefile-Conventions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Makefile Conventions</a>, Up: <a href="index.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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<a name="Quick-Reference-1"></a>
<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Quick Reference</h2>

<p>This appendix summarizes the directives, text manipulation functions,
and special variables which GNU <code>make</code> understands.
See <a href="Rules.html#Special-Targets">Special Targets</a>, <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Catalogue-of-Rules">Catalogue of Built-In Rules</a>,
and <a href="Running.html#Options-Summary">Summary of Options</a>,
for other summaries.
</p>
<p>Here is a summary of the directives GNU <code>make</code> recognizes:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>define <var>variable</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>define <var>variable</var> =</code></dt>
<dt><code>define <var>variable</var> :=</code></dt>
<dt><code>define <var>variable</var> ::=</code></dt>
<dt><code>define <var>variable</var> +=</code></dt>
<dt><code>define <var>variable</var> ?=</code></dt>
<dt><code>endef</code></dt>
<dd><p>Define multi-line variables.<br>
See <a href="Using-Variables.html#Multi_002dLine">Multi-Line</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>undefine <var>variable</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Undefining variables.<br>
See <a href="Using-Variables.html#Undefine-Directive">Undefine Directive</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>ifdef <var>variable</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>ifndef <var>variable</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>ifeq (<var>a</var>,<var>b</var>)</code></dt>
<dt><code>ifeq &quot;<var>a</var>&quot; &quot;<var>b</var>&quot;</code></dt>
<dt><code>ifeq '<var>a</var>' '<var>b</var>'</code></dt>
<dt><code>ifneq (<var>a</var>,<var>b</var>)</code></dt>
<dt><code>ifneq &quot;<var>a</var>&quot; &quot;<var>b</var>&quot;</code></dt>
<dt><code>ifneq '<var>a</var>' '<var>b</var>'</code></dt>
<dt><code>else</code></dt>
<dt><code>endif</code></dt>
<dd><p>Conditionally evaluate part of the makefile.<br>
See <a href="Conditionals.html#Conditionals">Conditionals</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>include <var>file</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>-include <var>file</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>sinclude <var>file</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Include another makefile.<br>
See <a href="Makefiles.html#Include">Including Other Makefiles</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>override <var>variable-assignment</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Define a variable, overriding any previous definition, even one from
the command line.<br>
See <a href="Using-Variables.html#Override-Directive">The <code>override</code> Directive</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>export</code></dt>
<dd><p>Tell <code>make</code> to export all variables to child processes by default.<br>
See <a href="Recipes.html#Variables_002fRecursion">Communicating Variables to a Sub-<code>make</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>export <var>variable</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>export <var>variable-assignment</var></code></dt>
<dt><code>unexport <var>variable</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Tell <code>make</code> whether or not to export a particular variable to child
processes.<br>
See <a href="Recipes.html#Variables_002fRecursion">Communicating Variables to a Sub-<code>make</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>private <var>variable-assignment</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Do not allow this variable assignment to be inherited by prerequisites.<br>
See <a href="Using-Variables.html#Suppressing-Inheritance">Suppressing Inheritance</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>vpath <var>pattern</var> <var>path</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify a search path for files matching a &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; pattern.<br>
See <a href="Rules.html#Selective-Search">The <code>vpath</code> Directive</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>vpath <var>pattern</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Remove all search paths previously specified for <var>pattern</var>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>vpath</code></dt>
<dd><p>Remove all search paths previously specified in any <code>vpath</code>
directive.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>Here is a summary of the built-in functions (see <a href="Functions.html#Functions">Functions</a>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>$(subst <var>from</var>,<var>to</var>,<var>text</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Replace <var>from</var> with <var>to</var> in <var>text</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(patsubst <var>pattern</var>,<var>replacement</var>,<var>text</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Replace words matching <var>pattern</var> with <var>replacement</var> in <var>text</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(strip <var>string</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Remove excess whitespace characters from <var>string</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(findstring <var>find</var>,<var>text</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Locate <var>find</var> in <var>text</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(filter <var>pattern</var>&hellip;,<var>text</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Select words in <var>text</var> that match one of the <var>pattern</var> words.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(filter-out <var>pattern</var>&hellip;,<var>text</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Select words in <var>text</var> that <em>do not</em> match any of the <var>pattern</var> words.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(sort <var>list</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Sort the words in <var>list</var> lexicographically, removing duplicates.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(word <var>n</var>,<var>text</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Extract the <var>n</var>th word (one-origin) of <var>text</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(words <var>text</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Count the number of words in <var>text</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(wordlist <var>s</var>,<var>e</var>,<var>text</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the list of words in <var>text</var> from <var>s</var> to <var>e</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(firstword <var>names</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Extract the first word of <var>names</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(lastword <var>names</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Extract the last word of <var>names</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Text-Functions">Functions for String Substitution and Analysis</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(dir <var>names</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Extract the directory part of each file name.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#File-Name-Functions">Functions for File Names</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(notdir <var>names</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Extract the non-directory part of each file name.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#File-Name-Functions">Functions for File Names</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(suffix <var>names</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Extract the suffix (the last &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; and following characters) of each file name.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#File-Name-Functions">Functions for File Names</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(basename <var>names</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Extract the base name (name without suffix) of each file name.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#File-Name-Functions">Functions for File Names</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(addsuffix <var>suffix</var>,<var>names</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Append <var>suffix</var> to each word in <var>names</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#File-Name-Functions">Functions for File Names</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(addprefix <var>prefix</var>,<var>names</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Prepend <var>prefix</var> to each word in <var>names</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#File-Name-Functions">Functions for File Names</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(join <var>list1</var>,<var>list2</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Join two parallel lists of words.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#File-Name-Functions">Functions for File Names</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(wildcard <var>pattern</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Find file names matching a shell file name pattern (<em>not</em> a
&lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; pattern).<br>
See <a href="Rules.html#Wildcard-Function">The Function <code>wildcard</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(realpath <var>names</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>For each file name in <var>names</var>, expand to an absolute name that
does not contain any <code>.</code>, <code>..</code>, nor symlinks.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#File-Name-Functions">Functions for File Names</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(abspath <var>names</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>For each file name in <var>names</var>, expand to an absolute name that
does not contain any <code>.</code> or <code>..</code> components, but preserves
symlinks.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#File-Name-Functions">Functions for File Names</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(error <var>text</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>When this function is evaluated, <code>make</code> generates a fatal error
with the message <var>text</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Make-Control-Functions">Functions That Control Make</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(warning <var>text</var>&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>When this function is evaluated, <code>make</code> generates a warning with
the message <var>text</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Make-Control-Functions">Functions That Control Make</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(shell <var>command</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Execute a shell command and return its output.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Shell-Function">The <code>shell</code> Function</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(origin <var>variable</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Return a string describing how the <code>make</code> variable <var>variable</var> was
defined.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Origin-Function">The <code>origin</code> Function</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(flavor <var>variable</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Return a string describing the flavor of the <code>make</code> variable
<var>variable</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Flavor-Function">The <code>flavor</code> Function</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(foreach <var>var</var>,<var>words</var>,<var>text</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate <var>text</var> with <var>var</var> bound to each word in <var>words</var>,
and concatenate the results.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Foreach-Function">The <code>foreach</code> Function</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(if <var>condition</var>,<var>then-part</var>[,<var>else-part</var>])</code></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate the condition <var>condition</var>; if it&rsquo;s non-empty substitute
the expansion of the <var>then-part</var> otherwise substitute the
expansion of the <var>else-part</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Conditional-Functions">Functions for Conditionals</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(or <var>condition1</var>[,<var>condition2</var>[,<var>condition3</var>&hellip;]])</code></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate each condition <var>conditionN</var> one at a time; substitute the
first non-empty expansion.  If all expansions are empty, substitute
the empty string.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Conditional-Functions">Functions for Conditionals</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(and <var>condition1</var>[,<var>condition2</var>[,<var>condition3</var>&hellip;]])</code></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate each condition <var>conditionN</var> one at a time; if any
expansion results in the empty string substitute the empty string.  If
all expansions result in a non-empty string, substitute the expansion
of the last <var>condition</var>.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Conditional-Functions">Functions for Conditionals</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(call <var>var</var>,<var>param</var>,&hellip;)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate the variable <var>var</var> replacing any references to <code>$(1)</code>,
<code>$(2)</code> with the first, second, etc. <var>param</var> values.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Call-Function">The <code>call</code> Function</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(eval <var>text</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate <var>text</var> then read the results as makefile commands.
Expands to the empty string.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Eval-Function">The <code>eval</code> Function</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(file <var>op</var> <var>filename</var>,<var>text</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Expand the arguments, then open the file <var>filename</var> using mode
<var>op</var> and write <var>text</var> to that file.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#File-Function">The <code>file</code> Function</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(value <var>var</var>)</code></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluates to the contents of the variable <var>var</var>, with no expansion
performed on it.<br>
See <a href="Functions.html#Value-Function">The <code>value</code> Function</a>.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>Here is a summary of the automatic variables.
See <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Automatic-Variables">Automatic Variables</a>,
for full information.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>$@</code></dt>
<dd><p>The file name of the target.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$%</code></dt>
<dd><p>The target member name, when the target is an archive member.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$&lt;</code></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the first prerequisite.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$?</code></dt>
<dd><p>The names of all the prerequisites that are
newer than the target, with spaces between them.
For prerequisites which are archive members, only
the named member is used (see <a href="Archives.html#Archives">Archives</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$^</code></dt>
<dt><code>$+</code></dt>
<dd><p>The names of all the prerequisites, with spaces between them.  For
prerequisites which are archive members, only the named member is used
(see <a href="Archives.html#Archives">Archives</a>).  The value of <code>$^</code> omits duplicate
prerequisites, while <code>$+</code> retains them and preserves their order.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$*</code></dt>
<dd><p>The stem with which an implicit rule matches
(see <a href="Implicit-Rules.html#Pattern-Match">How Patterns Match</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(@D)</code></dt>
<dt><code>$(@F)</code></dt>
<dd><p>The directory part and the file-within-directory part of <code>$@</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(*D)</code></dt>
<dt><code>$(*F)</code></dt>
<dd><p>The directory part and the file-within-directory part of <code>$*</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(%D)</code></dt>
<dt><code>$(%F)</code></dt>
<dd><p>The directory part and the file-within-directory part of <code>$%</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(&lt;D)</code></dt>
<dt><code>$(&lt;F)</code></dt>
<dd><p>The directory part and the file-within-directory part of <code>$&lt;</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(^D)</code></dt>
<dt><code>$(^F)</code></dt>
<dd><p>The directory part and the file-within-directory part of <code>$^</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(+D)</code></dt>
<dt><code>$(+F)</code></dt>
<dd><p>The directory part and the file-within-directory part of <code>$+</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>$(?D)</code></dt>
<dt><code>$(?F)</code></dt>
<dd><p>The directory part and the file-within-directory part of <code>$?</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<p>These variables are used specially by GNU <code>make</code>:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>MAKEFILES</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Makefiles to be read on every invocation of <code>make</code>.<br>
See <a href="Makefiles.html#MAKEFILES-Variable">The Variable <code>MAKEFILES</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>VPATH</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Directory search path for files not found in the current directory.<br>
See <a href="Rules.html#General-Search"><code>VPATH</code> Search Path for All Prerequisites</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>SHELL</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The name of the system default command interpreter, usually <samp>/bin/sh</samp>.
You can set <code>SHELL</code> in the makefile to change the shell used to run
recipes.  See <a href="Recipes.html#Execution">Recipe Execution</a>.  The <code>SHELL</code>
variable is handled specially when importing from and exporting to the
environment.  See <a href="Recipes.html#Choosing-the-Shell">Choosing the Shell</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>MAKESHELL</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>On MS-DOS only, the name of the command interpreter that is to be used
by <code>make</code>.  This value takes precedence over the value of
<code>SHELL</code>.  See <a href="Recipes.html#Execution">MAKESHELL variable</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>MAKE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The name with which <code>make</code> was invoked.  Using this variable in
recipes has special meaning.  See <a href="Recipes.html#MAKE-Variable">How the
<code>MAKE</code> Variable Works</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>MAKE_VERSION</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The built-in variable &lsquo;<samp>MAKE_VERSION</samp>&rsquo; expands to the version
number of the GNU <code>make</code> program.
<a name="index-MAKE_005fVERSION"></a>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>MAKE_HOST</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The built-in variable &lsquo;<samp>MAKE_HOST</samp>&rsquo; expands to a string
representing the host that GNU <code>make</code> was built to run on.
<a name="index-MAKE_005fHOST"></a>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>MAKELEVEL</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The number of levels of recursion (sub-<code>make</code>s).<br>
See <a href="Recipes.html#Variables_002fRecursion">Variables/Recursion</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>MAKEFLAGS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The flags given to <code>make</code>.  You can set this in the environment or
a makefile to set flags.<br>
See <a href="Recipes.html#Options_002fRecursion">Communicating Options to a Sub-<code>make</code></a>.
</p>
<p>It is <em>never</em> appropriate to use <code>MAKEFLAGS</code> directly in a
recipe line: its contents may not be quoted correctly for use in the
shell.  Always allow recursive <code>make</code>&rsquo;s to obtain these values
through the environment from its parent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>GNUMAKEFLAGS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Other flags parsed by <code>make</code>.  You can set this in the environment or
a makefile to set <code>make</code> command-line flags.  GNU <code>make</code>
never sets this variable itself.  This variable is only needed if
you&rsquo;d like to set GNU <code>make</code>-specific flags in a POSIX-compliant
makefile.  This variable will be seen by GNU <code>make</code> and ignored
by other <code>make</code> implementations.  It&rsquo;s not needed if you only use
GNU <code>make</code>; just use <code>MAKEFLAGS</code> directly.
See <a href="Recipes.html#Options_002fRecursion">Communicating Options to a Sub-<code>make</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>MAKECMDGOALS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The targets given to <code>make</code> on the command line.  Setting this
variable has no effect on the operation of <code>make</code>.<br>
See <a href="Running.html#Goals">Arguments to Specify the Goals</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>CURDIR</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Set to the absolute pathname of the current working directory (after
all <code>-C</code> options are processed, if any).  Setting this variable
has no effect on the operation of <code>make</code>.<br>
See <a href="Recipes.html#Recursion">Recursive Use of <code>make</code></a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>SUFFIXES</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The default list of suffixes before <code>make</code> reads any makefiles.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>.LIBPATTERNS</code></dt>
<dd><p>Defines the naming of the libraries <code>make</code> searches for, and their
order.<br>
See <a href="Rules.html#Libraries_002fSearch">Directory Search for Link Libraries</a>.
</p></dd>
</dl>

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