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<p><label for="q" accesskey="4">Find: </label><input type="text" id="q" name="q" size="20" maxlength="255" value=""> <input type="submit" value="搜索"><input type="hidden" name="domains" value="woodpecker.org.cn"><input type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="www.woodpecker.org.cn/diveintopython"></p>
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<h2 class="title"><a name="kgp.search"></a>9.5. 搜索元素
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<div class="abstract">
<p>通过一步步访问每一个节点的方式遍历 <span class="acronym">XML</span> 文档可能很乏味。如果你正在寻找些特别的东西，又恰恰它们深深埋入了你的 <span class="acronym">XML</span> 文档，有个捷径让你可以快速找到它：<tt class="function">getElementsByTagName</tt> 。
</p>
</div>
<p>在这部分，将使用 <tt class="filename">binary.xml</tt> 语法文件，它的内容如下：
</p>
<div class="example"><a name="d0e24589"></a><h3 class="title">例 9.20. <tt class="filename">binary.xml</tt></h3><pre class="screen"><span class="computeroutput"><?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE grammar PUBLIC "-//diveintopython.org//DTD Kant Generator Pro v1.0//EN" "kgp.dtd">
<grammar>
<ref id="bit">
<p>0</p>
<p>1</p>
</ref>
<ref id="byte">
<p><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/>\
<xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/></p>
</ref>
</grammar></span></pre></div>
<p>它有两个 <tt class="sgmltag-element">ref</tt>，<tt class="literal">'bit'</tt> (位) 和 <tt class="literal">'byte'</tt> (字节)。一个 <tt class="literal">bit</tt> 是 <tt class="literal">'0'</tt> 或者 <tt class="literal">'1'</tt>，而一个 <tt class="literal">byte</tt> 是 8 个 <tt class="literal">bit</tt>。
</p>
<div class="example"><a name="d0e24622"></a><h3 class="title">例 9.21. <tt class="function">getElementsByTagName</tt> 介绍
</h3><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>from</span> xml.dom <span class='pykeyword'>import</span> minidom</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">xmldoc = minidom.parse(<span class='pystring'>'binary.xml'</span>)</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">reflist = xmldoc.getElementsByTagName(<span class='pystring'>'ref'</span>)</span> <a name="kgp.search.1.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">reflist</span>
<span class="computeroutput">[<DOM Element: ref at 136138108>, <DOM Element: ref at 136144292>]</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>print</span> reflist[0].toxml()</span>
<span class="computeroutput"><ref id="bit">
<p>0</p>
<p>1</p>
</ref></span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>print</span> reflist[1].toxml()</span>
<span class="computeroutput"><ref id="byte">
<p><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/>\
<xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/></p>
</ref>
</span></pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
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<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#kgp.search.1.1"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
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<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="function">getElementsByTagName</tt> 接收一个参数，即要找的元素的名称。它返回一个 <tt class="classname">Element</tt> 对象的列表，列表中的对象都是有指定名称的 <span class="acronym">XML</span> 元素。在本例中，你能找到两个 <tt class="literal">ref</tt> 元素。
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<div class="example"><a name="d0e24684"></a><h3 class="title">例 9.22. 每个元素都是可搜索的</h3><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">firstref = reflist[0]</span> <a name="kgp.search.2.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>print</span> firstref.toxml()</span>
<span class="computeroutput"><ref id="bit">
<p>0</p>
<p>1</p>
</ref></span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">plist = firstref.getElementsByTagName(<span class='pystring'>"p"</span>)</span> <a name="kgp.search.2.2"></a><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">plist</span>
<span class="computeroutput">[<DOM Element: p at 136140116>, <DOM Element: p at 136142172>]</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>print</span> plist[0].toxml()</span> <a name="kgp.search.2.3"></a><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput"><p>0</p></span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>print</span> plist[1].toxml()</span>
<span class="computeroutput"><p>1</p></span></pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
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<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#kgp.search.2.1"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
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<td valign="top" align="left">继续前面的例子，在 <tt class="varname">reflist</tt> 中的第一个对象是 <tt class="literal">'bit'</tt> <tt class="sgmltag-element">ref</tt>元素。
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<td valign="top" align="left">你可以在这个 <tt class="classname">Element</tt> 上使用相同的 <tt class="function">getElementsByTagName</tt> 方法来寻找所有在<tt class="literal">'bit'</tt> <tt class="sgmltag-element">ref</tt> 元素中的<tt class="sgmltag-element"><p></tt>元素。
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<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#kgp.search.2.3"><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
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<td valign="top" align="left">和前面一样，<tt class="function">getElementsByTagName</tt> 方法返回一个找到元素的列表。在本例中，你有两个元素，每“位”各占一个。
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<div class="example"><a name="d0e24773"></a><h3 class="title">例 9.23. 搜索实际上是递归的</h3><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">plist = xmldoc.getElementsByTagName(<span class='pystring'>"p"</span>)</span> <a name="kgp.search.3.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">plist</span>
<span class="computeroutput">[<DOM Element: p at 136140116>, <DOM Element: p at 136142172>, <DOM Element: p at 136146124>]</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">plist[0].toxml()</span> <a name="kgp.search.3.2"></a><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">'<p>0</p>'</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">plist[1].toxml()</span>
<span class="computeroutput">'<p>1</p>'</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">plist[2].toxml()</span> <a name="kgp.search.3.3"></a><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">'<p><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/>\
<xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/></p>'</span></pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
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<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#kgp.search.3.1"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
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<td valign="top" align="left">仔细注意这个例子和前面例子之间的不同。前面，你是在 <tt class="varname">firstref</tt> 中搜索 <tt class="sgmltag-element">p</tt> 元素，但是这里你是在 <tt class="varname">xmldoc</tt> 中搜索 <tt class="sgmltag-element">p</tt> 元素，<tt class="varname">xmldoc</tt> 是代表了整个 <span class="acronym">XML</span> 文档的根层对象。这样<span class="emphasis"><em>就会</em></span> 找到嵌套在 <tt class="sgmltag-element">ref</tt> 元素 (它嵌套在根 <tt class="sgmltag-element">grammar</tt> 元素中) 中的 <tt class="sgmltag-element">p</tt> 元素。
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</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">前两个 <tt class="sgmltag-element">p</tt> 元素在第一个 <tt class="sgmltag-element">ref</tt> 内 (<tt class="literal">'bit'</tt> <tt class="sgmltag-element">ref</tt>)。
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<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#kgp.search.3.3"><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">后一个 <tt class="sgmltag-element">p</tt> 元素在第二个 <tt class="sgmltag-element">ref</tt> 中 (<tt class="literal">'byte'</tt> <tt class="sgmltag-element">ref</tt>)。
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