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<h2 class="title"><a name="roman.success"></a>13.4. 正面测试 (Testing for success)
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<div class="abstract">
<p>单元测试的基础是构建独立的测试用例 (test case)。一个测试用例只回答一个关于被测试代码的问题。</p>
</div>
<p>一个测试用例应该做到：</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li>完全独立运行，不需要人工输入。单元测试应该是自动的。</li>
<li>可以自己判断被测试函数是通过还是失败，不需要人工干预结果。</li>
<li>独立运行，可以与其他测试用例隔离 (尽管它们可能测试着同一个函数)。每个测试用例是一个孤岛。</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>基于如上原则，让我们构建第一个测试用例。应符合如下<a href="index.html#roman.requirements">要求</a>：
</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="1">
<li><tt class="function">toRoman</tt> 应该为所有 <tt class="constant">1</tt> 到 <tt class="literal">3999</tt> 的整数返回罗马数字表示。
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="example"><a name="roman.testtoromanknownvalues.example"></a><h3 class="title">例 13.2. <tt class="function">testToRomanKnownValues</tt></h3><pre class="programlisting"><span class='pykeyword'>
class</span> KnownValues(unittest.TestCase): <a name="roman.success.1.0"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
knownValues = ( (1, <span class='pystring'>'I'</span>),
(2, <span class='pystring'>'II'</span>),
(3, <span class='pystring'>'III'</span>),
(4, <span class='pystring'>'IV'</span>),
(5, <span class='pystring'>'V'</span>),
(6, <span class='pystring'>'VI'</span>),
(7, <span class='pystring'>'VII'</span>),
(8, <span class='pystring'>'VIII'</span>),
(9, <span class='pystring'>'IX'</span>),
(10, <span class='pystring'>'X'</span>),
(50, <span class='pystring'>'L'</span>),
(100, <span class='pystring'>'C'</span>),
(500, <span class='pystring'>'D'</span>),
(1000, <span class='pystring'>'M'</span>),
(31, <span class='pystring'>'XXXI'</span>),
(148, <span class='pystring'>'CXLVIII'</span>),
(294, <span class='pystring'>'CCXCIV'</span>),
(312, <span class='pystring'>'CCCXII'</span>),
(421, <span class='pystring'>'CDXXI'</span>),
(528, <span class='pystring'>'DXXVIII'</span>),
(621, <span class='pystring'>'DCXXI'</span>),
(782, <span class='pystring'>'DCCLXXXII'</span>),
(870, <span class='pystring'>'DCCCLXX'</span>),
(941, <span class='pystring'>'CMXLI'</span>),
(1043, <span class='pystring'>'MXLIII'</span>),
(1110, <span class='pystring'>'MCX'</span>),
(1226, <span class='pystring'>'MCCXXVI'</span>),
(1301, <span class='pystring'>'MCCCI'</span>),
(1485, <span class='pystring'>'MCDLXXXV'</span>),
(1509, <span class='pystring'>'MDIX'</span>),
(1607, <span class='pystring'>'MDCVII'</span>),
(1754, <span class='pystring'>'MDCCLIV'</span>),
(1832, <span class='pystring'>'MDCCCXXXII'</span>),
(1993, <span class='pystring'>'MCMXCIII'</span>),
(2074, <span class='pystring'>'MMLXXIV'</span>),
(2152, <span class='pystring'>'MMCLII'</span>),
(2212, <span class='pystring'>'MMCCXII'</span>),
(2343, <span class='pystring'>'MMCCCXLIII'</span>),
(2499, <span class='pystring'>'MMCDXCIX'</span>),
(2574, <span class='pystring'>'MMDLXXIV'</span>),
(2646, <span class='pystring'>'MMDCXLVI'</span>),
(2723, <span class='pystring'>'MMDCCXXIII'</span>),
(2892, <span class='pystring'>'MMDCCCXCII'</span>),
(2975, <span class='pystring'>'MMCMLXXV'</span>),
(3051, <span class='pystring'>'MMMLI'</span>),
(3185, <span class='pystring'>'MMMCLXXXV'</span>),
(3250, <span class='pystring'>'MMMCCL'</span>),
(3313, <span class='pystring'>'MMMCCCXIII'</span>),
(3408, <span class='pystring'>'MMMCDVIII'</span>),
(3501, <span class='pystring'>'MMMDI'</span>),
(3610, <span class='pystring'>'MMMDCX'</span>),
(3743, <span class='pystring'>'MMMDCCXLIII'</span>),
(3844, <span class='pystring'>'MMMDCCCXLIV'</span>),
(3888, <span class='pystring'>'MMMDCCCLXXXVIII'</span>),
(3940, <span class='pystring'>'MMMCMXL'</span>),
(3999, <span class='pystring'>'MMMCMXCIX'</span>)) <a name="roman.success.1.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class='pykeyword'>def</span><span class='pyclass'> testToRomanKnownValues</span>(self): <a name="roman.success.1.2"></a><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class='pystring'>"""toRoman should give known result with known input"""</span>
<span class='pykeyword'>for</span> integer, numeral <span class='pykeyword'>in</span> self.knownValues:
result = roman.toRoman(integer) <a name="roman.success.1.3"></a><img src="../images/callouts/4.png" alt="4" border="0" width="12" height="12"> <a name="roman.success.1.4"></a><img src="../images/callouts/5.png" alt="5" border="0" width="12" height="12">
self.assertEqual(numeral, result) <a name="roman.success.1.5"></a><img src="../images/callouts/6.png" alt="6" border="0" width="12" height="12"></pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#roman.success.1.0"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">编写测试用例的第一步就是继承 <tt class="filename">unittest</tt> 模块中的 <tt class="classname">TestCase</tt> 类，它提供了很多可以用在你的测试用例中来测试特定情况的有用方法。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#roman.success.1.1"><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">这是我手工转换的一个 integer/numeral 对列表。它包含了最小的十个数、最大的数、每个单字符罗马数字对应的数，以及其他随机挑选的有效数样本。单元测试的关键不在于所有可能的输入，而是一个有代表性的样本。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#roman.success.1.2"><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">每个独立测试本身都是一个方法，既不需要参数也不返回任何值。如果该方法正常退出没有引发异常，测试被认为通过；如果测试引发异常，测试被认为失败。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#roman.success.1.3"><img src="../images/callouts/4.png" alt="4" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">这里你真正调用了 <tt class="function">toRoman</tt> 函数。(当然，函数还没有编写，但一旦被编写，这里便是调用之处。) 注意你在这里为 <tt class="function">toRoman</tt> 函数定义了 <span class="acronym">API</span> ：它必须接受整数 (待转换的数) 并返回一个字符串 (对应的罗马数字表示)，如果 <span class="acronym">API</span> 不是这样，测试将失败。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#roman.success.1.4"><img src="../images/callouts/5.png" alt="5" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">同样值得注意，你在调用 <tt class="function">toRoman</tt> 时没有试图捕捉任何可能发生的异常。这正是我们所希望的。以有效输入调用 <tt class="function">toRoman</tt> 不会引发任何异常，而你看到的这些输入都是有效的。如果 <tt class="function">toRoman</tt> 引发了异常，则测试失败。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#roman.success.1.5"><img src="../images/callouts/6.png" alt="6" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">假设 <tt class="function">toRoman</tt> 函数被正确编写，正确调用，运行成功并返回一个值，最后一步便是检查这个返回值<span class="emphasis"><em>正确</em></span> 与否。这是一个常见的问题，<tt class="classname">TestCase</tt> 类提供了一个方法：<tt class="function">assertEqual</tt>，来测试两个值是否相等。如果 <tt class="function">toRoman</tt> 返回的结果 (<tt class="varname">value</tt>) 不等于我们预期的值 (<tt class="varname">numeral</tt>)，<tt class="function">assertEqual</tt> 将会引发一个异常，测试也就此失败。如果两个值相等，<tt class="function">assertEqual</tt> 什么也不做。如果每个从 <tt class="function">toRoman</tt> 返回的值都等于预期值，<tt class="function">assertEqual</tt> 便不会引发异常，于是 <tt class="function">testToRomanKnownValues</tt> 最终正常退出，这意味着 <tt class="function">toRoman</tt> 通过了该测试。
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