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<h2 class="title"><a name="soap.introspection"></a>12.6. 以 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 进行 <span class="acronym">SOAP</span> 内省
</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div></div>
</div>
<div class="abstract">
<p>就像网络服务舞台上的所有事物，<span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 也经历了一个充满明争暗斗而且漫长多变的历史。我不打算讲述这段令我伤心的历史。还有一些其他的标准提供相同的支持，但 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 还是胜出，所以我们还是来学习一下如何使用它。
</p>
</div>
<p><span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 最基本的功能便是让你揭示 <span class="acronym">SOAP</span> 服务器所提供的有效方法。
</p>
<div class="example"><a name="d0e30920"></a><h3 class="title">例 12.8. 揭示有效方法</h3><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>from</span> SOAPpy <span class='pykeyword'>import</span> WSDL</span> <a name="soap.introspection.1.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">wsdlFile = <span class='pystring'>'http://www.xmethods.net/sd/2001/TemperatureService.wsdl'</span></span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">server = WSDL.Proxy(wsdlFile)</span> <a name="soap.introspection.1.2"></a><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">server.methods.keys()</span> <a name="soap.introspection.1.3"></a><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">[u'getTemp']</span>
</pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.1.1"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><span class="application">SOAPpy</span> 包含一个 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 解析器。在本书写作之时，它被标示为开发的初级阶段，但我从来没有在解析任何 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 文件时遇到问题。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.1.2"><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">使用一个 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 文件，你还是要用到一个 proxy 类：<tt class="classname">WSDL.Proxy</tt>，它只需一个参数：<span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 文件。我指定的是存储在远程服务器上的 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 的 <span class="acronym">URL</span>，但是这个 proxy 类对于本地的 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 副本工作同样出色。创建 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> proxy 将会下载 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 文件并解析它，所以如果 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 文件有任何问题 (或者由于网络问题不能获得) 你会立刻知道。
</td>
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<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.1.3"><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><span class="acronym">WSDL</span> proxy 类通过 <span class="application">Python</span> 字典 <tt class="varname">server.methods</tt> 揭示有效函数。所以列出有效方法只需调用字典方法 <tt class="methodname">keys()</tt>。
</td>
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</div>
<p>好的，你知道这个 <span class="acronym">SOAP</span> 服务器提供一个方法：<tt class="methodname">getTemp</tt>。但是如何去调用它呢？<span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 也在这方面提供信息。
</p>
<div class="example"><a name="d0e31021"></a><h3 class="title">例 12.9. 揭示一个方法的参数</h3><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">callInfo = server.methods[<span class='pystring'>'getTemp'</span>]</span> <a name="soap.introspection.2.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">callInfo.inparams</span> <a name="soap.introspection.2.2"></a><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">[<SOAPpy.wstools.WSDLTools.ParameterInfo instance at 0x00CF3AD0>]</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">callInfo.inparams[0].name</span> <a name="soap.introspection.2.3"></a><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">u'zipcode'</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">callInfo.inparams[0].type</span> <a name="soap.introspection.2.4"></a><img src="../images/callouts/4.png" alt="4" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema', u'string')</span>
</pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.2.1"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"> <tt class="varname">server.methods</tt> 字典中记录一个 <span class="application">SOAPpy</span> 的特别结构，被称为 <tt class="classname">CallInfo</tt>。<tt class="classname">CallInfo</tt> 对象中包含着特定函数和函数参数的信息。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.2.2"><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">函数参数信息存储在 <tt class="varname">callInfo.inparams</tt> 中，这是一个记录每一个参数信息的 <tt class="classname">ParameterInfo</tt> 对象的 <span class="application">Python</span> 列表。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.2.3"><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">每个 <tt class="classname">ParameterInfo</tt> 对象包含一个 <tt class="varname">name</tt> 属性，这便是参数名。在通过 <span class="acronym">SOAP</span> 调用函数时，你不需要知道参数名，但 <span class="acronym">SOAP</span> 支持在调用函数时使用参数名 (类似于 <span class="application">Python</span>)。如果使用参数名，<tt class="classname">WSDL.Proxy</tt> 将会正确地把这些参数关联到远程函数。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.2.4"><img src="../images/callouts/4.png" alt="4" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">每个参数都是都是显式类型的，使用的是在 XML Schema 定义的数据类型。你可以在上一节中发现这一点：XML Schema 命名空间是我让你忽略的模版的一部分。就目前而言，你还是可以继续忽略它。<tt class="varname">zipcode</tt> 参数是一个字符串，如果你向 <tt class="classname">WSDL.Proxy</tt> 对象传递一个 <span class="application">Python</span> 字符串，它会被正确地关联和传递到服务器。
</td>
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</table>
</div>
</div>
<p><span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 还允许你自省函数的返回值。
</p>
<div class="example"><a name="d0e31128"></a><h3 class="title">例 12.10. 揭示方法返回值</h3><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">callInfo.outparams</span> <a name="soap.introspection.3.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">[<SOAPpy.wstools.WSDLTools.ParameterInfo instance at 0x00CF3AF8>]</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">callInfo.outparams[0].name</span> <a name="soap.introspection.3.2"></a><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">u'return'</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">callInfo.outparams[0].type</span>
<span class="computeroutput">(u'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema', u'float')</span>
</pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.3.1"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">与揭示函数参数的 <tt class="varname">callInfo.inparams</tt> 对应的是揭示返回值的 <tt class="varname">callInfo.outparams</tt>。它也同样是一个列表，因为通过 <span class="acronym">SOAP</span> 调用函数时可以返回多个值，就像 <span class="application">Python</span> 函数一样。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.3.2"><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"> <tt class="classname">ParameterInfo</tt> 对象包含 <tt class="varname">name</tt> 和 <tt class="varname">type</tt>。这个函数返回一个浮点值，它的名字是 <tt class="varname">return</tt>。
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<p>让我们整合一下，通过 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> proxy 调用一个 <span class="acronym">SOAP</span> 网络服务。
</p>
<div class="example"><a name="d0e31200"></a><h3 class="title">例 12.11. 通过 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> proxy 调用一个 <span class="acronym">SOAP</span> 网络服务
</h3><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput"><span class='pykeyword'>from</span> SOAPpy <span class='pykeyword'>import</span> WSDL</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">wsdlFile = <span class='pystring'>'http://www.xmethods.net/sd/2001/TemperatureService.wsdl'</span>)</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">server = WSDL.Proxy(wsdlFile)</span> <a name="soap.introspection.4.1"></a><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">server.getTemp(<span class='pystring'>'90210'</span>)</span> <a name="soap.introspection.4.2"></a><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<span class="computeroutput">66.0</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">server.soapproxy.config.dumpSOAPOut = 1</span> <a name="soap.introspection.4.3"></a><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12">
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">server.soapproxy.config.dumpSOAPIn = 1</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">temperature = server.getTemp(<span class='pystring'>'90210'</span>)</span>
<span class="computeroutput">*** Outgoing SOAP ******************************************************
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope SOAP-ENV:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/"
xmlns:SOAP-ENC="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/1999/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/1999/XMLSchema">
<SOAP-ENV:Body>
<ns1:getTemp xmlns:ns1="urn:xmethods-Temperature" SOAP-ENC:root="1">
<v1 xsi:type="xsd:string">90210</v1>
</ns1:getTemp>
</SOAP-ENV:Body>
</SOAP-ENV:Envelope>
************************************************************************
*** Incoming SOAP ******************************************************
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<SOAP-ENV:Body>
<ns1:getTempResponse xmlns:ns1="urn:xmethods-Temperature"
SOAP-ENV:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/">
<return xsi:type="xsd:float">66.0</return>
</ns1:getTempResponse>
</SOAP-ENV:Body>
</SOAP-ENV:Envelope>
************************************************************************
</span>
<tt class="prompt">>>> </tt><span class="userinput">temperature</span>
<span class="computeroutput">66.0</span>
</pre><div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.4.1"><img src="../images/callouts/1.png" alt="1" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">这比直接调用 <span class="acronym">SOAP</span> 服务时的设置简单，因为在 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 文件中包含着调用服务所需要的服务 <span class="acronym">URL</span> 和命名空间。创建 <tt class="classname">WSDL.Proxy</tt> 对象将会下载 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> 文件，解析之，并设置一个用以调用实际的 <span class="acronym">SOAP</span> 网络服务的 <tt class="classname">SOAPProxy</tt> 对象。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.4.2"><img src="../images/callouts/2.png" alt="2" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">只要创建了 <tt class="classname">WSDL.Proxy</tt> 对象，你就可以像调用 <tt class="classname">SOAPProxy</tt> 对象一样简单地调用一个函数。这并不奇怪，<tt class="classname">WSDL.Proxy</tt> 就是一个具有自省方法的 <tt class="classname">SOAPProxy</tt> 封装套件，所以调用函数的语法也是一样的。
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="12" valign="top" align="left"><a href="#soap.introspection.4.3"><img src="../images/callouts/3.png" alt="3" border="0" width="12" height="12"></a>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">你可以通过 <tt class="varname">server.soapproxy</tt> 访问 <tt class="classname">WSDL.Proxy</tt> 的 <tt class="classname">SOAPProxy</tt>。这对于打开查错模式很重要，这样一来当你通过 <span class="acronym">WSDL</span> proxy 调用函数时，它的 <tt class="classname">SOAPProxy</tt> 将会把线路上来往的 XML 文档甩下来。
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